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Formal ethical approval was granted by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shanxi Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Approval No.: 2022\u2009\u2212\u2009264), and written informed consent was obtained from all human participants prior to their enrollment in the study. To ensure animal welfare, predefined humane endpoints were established based on tumor burden and overall health status. Animals were humanely euthanized immediately upon reaching any of the following criteria: tumor diameter exceeding 1.5\u00a0cm, tumor volume surpassing 1500\u00a0mm\u00b3, body weight loss exceeding 20% relative to baseline, or observable impairment in normal physiological functions such as mobility or feeding. All commercial colorectal cancer cell lines were sourced from Shanghai Jinyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and authenticated via short tandem repeat (STR) profiling. The authors declare no competing financial interests or conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"118"}}