{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:31:04Z","timestamp":1783949464142,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]],"date-time":"2012-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Existing knowledge about historical patterns of black internal migration in South Africa is incomplete, primarily because of the lack of good life course studies as well as the apartheid government\u2019s suppression and censoring of data. This article provides a comprehensive picture of historical internal migration patterns with an analysis of a unique individual retrospective life history data set. This sample of the black population, collected in 2000, is the only known nationally representative life history data for South Africa; it includes all residential moves for each individual during his\/her lifetime. Various mobility outcomes are analyzed: moves within\/across provinces, moves within\/across rural and urban areas, forced moves, moves with a nuclear family, and individual moves. The results indicate that migration significantly increased among black South Africans during the last half of the twentieth century, and that this increase began before the Pass Laws were repealed in 1986 and well before the official end of apartheid in 1991 or the first free election in 1994. The timing of this increase in migration rates suggests that migration in defiance of the Pass Laws (albeit a dangerous and desperate proposition) was a way of life for many black South Africans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-012-0140-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,5]],"date-time":"2012-09-05T21:28:53Z","timestamp":1346880533000},"page":"71-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Moving Across Boundaries: Migration in South Africa, 1950\u20132000"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Holly E.","family":"Reed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Queens College, and CUNY Institute for Demographic Research, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR1","first-page":"349","article-title":"The Great Migration in comparative perspective","volume":"22","author":"Alexander","year":"1998","journal-title":"Social Science History"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w7911","volume-title":"International data on educational attainment: Updates and implications (Working paper)","author":"Barro","year":"2000"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790874","volume-title":"Event history modeling: A guide for social scientists","author":"Box-Steffensmeier","year":"2004"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1813-6982.2004.tb00141.x","article-title":"\u201cTwo million net new jobs\u201d: A reconsideration of the rise in employment in South Africa, 1995\u20132003","volume":"72","author":"Casale","year":"2004","journal-title":"The South African Journal of Economics"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2747\/1539-7216.50.2.197","article-title":"The Chinese hukou system at 50","volume":"50","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eurasian Geography and Economics"},{"issue":"Suppl. 69","key":"2021031116064738300_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/14034950701355619","article-title":"Returning home to die: Circular labour migration and mortality in South Africa","volume":"35","author":"Clark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR7","first-page":"194","article-title":"Highly prevalent circular migration: Households, mobility and economic status in rural South Africa","volume-title":"Africa on the move: African migration and urbanisation in comparative perspective","author":"Collinson","year":"2006"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/14034950701356401","article-title":"Migration, settlement change and health in post-apartheid South Africa: Triangulating health and demographic surveillance with national census data","volume":"35","author":"Collinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR9","volume-title":"Labour force dynamics in a rural part of South Africa: The Agincourt Sub-District of the Northern Province, 1992\u20132000","author":"Collinson","year":"2001"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/13691830600610023","article-title":"Trends in internal labour migration from rural Limpopo Province, male risk behaviour, and implications for the spread of HIV\/AIDS in rural South Africa","volume":"32","author":"Collinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021031116064738300_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/03736245.2004.9713802","article-title":"Urbanization in South Africa and the changing character of migrant labor","volume":"86","author":"Cox","year":"2004","journal-title":"South African Geographical Journal"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/03768359808440036","article-title":"Constructing migration: Infrastructure, poverty and development in KwaZulu-Natal","volume":"15","author":"Cross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Development Southern Africa"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR13","volume-title":"South Africa\u2019s labor empire: A history of black migrancy to the gold mines","author":"Crush","year":"1991"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230376717","volume-title":"Internal migration in contemporary China","author":"Davin","year":"1999"},{"key":"2021031116064738300_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716206297449","article-title":"Borders for whom? 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