{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:22:15Z","timestamp":1774527735979,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,18]],"date-time":"2013-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The elevated levels of protection, assistance, and care enjoyed by the elderly living in complex households has long been a key assumption of many family system theories. However, although this hypothesis has been demonstrated for contemporary contexts, quantitative evidence for past populations is particularly scarce, if not nonexistent. This article investigates the relationship between old-age mortality and living arrangements in a mid\u2013nineteenth century Tuscan population, where the joint family system of sharecroppers coexisted alongside the nuclear system of day laborers. Our findings demonstrate that within complex households, the complexity of relationships, gender inequalities, and possible competition for care and resources among the most vulnerable household members\u2014namely, the elderly and the young\u2014weakens the assumption that the elderly benefitted from lower rates of old-age mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-013-0218-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]],"date-time":"2013-05-17T15:38:37Z","timestamp":1368805117000},"page":"1593-1613","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Living Arrangements and the Elderly: An Analysis of Old-Age Mortality by Household Structure in Casalguidi, 1819\u20131859"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Manfredini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma 43100, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Breschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Business, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 25, Sassari 07100, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021031115552918400_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-602X(96)90002-0","article-title":"The European marriage pattern as solution and problem: Households of the elderly in Verviers, Belgium, 1831","volume":"1","author":"Alter","year":"1996","journal-title":"History of the Family"},{"key":"2021031115552918400_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2007.0037","article-title":"Widowhood, family size, and post-reproductive mortality: A comparative analysis of three populations in nineteenth century Europe","volume":"44","author":"Alter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2021031115552918400_CR3","first-page":"185","article-title":"Individuals, households and communities facing economic stresses: A comparison of two rural areas in 19th century Belgium","volume-title":"Family structures demography and population. 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