{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:38:36Z","timestamp":1793122716679,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study tests the two assumptions underlying popularly held notions that maternal employment negatively affects children because it reduces time spent with parents: (1) that maternal employment reduces children\u2019s time with parents, and (2) that time with parents affects child outcomes. We analyze children\u2019s time-diary data from the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and use child fixed-effects and IV estimations to account for unobserved heterogeneity. We find that working mothers trade quantity of time for better \u201cquality\u201d of time. On average, maternal work has no effect on time in activities that positively influence children\u2019s development, but it reduces time in types of activities that may be detrimental to children\u2019s development. Stratification by mothers\u2019 education reveals that although all children, regardless of mother\u2019s education, benefit from spending educational and structured time with their mothers, mothers who are high school graduates have the greatest difficulty balancing work and childcare. We find some evidence that fathers compensate for maternal employment by increasing types of activities that can foster child development as well as types of activities that may be detrimental. Overall, we find that the effects of maternal employment are ambiguous because (1) employment does not necessarily reduce children\u2019s time with parents, and (2) not all types of parental time benefit child development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-014-0334-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T15:53:55Z","timestamp":1412351635000},"page":"1867-1894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":242,"title":["When Does Time Matter? 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