{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:28:15Z","timestamp":1791926895157,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,21]],"date-time":"2015-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This article analyzes patterns of geographic migration of black and white American families over four consecutive generations. The analysis is based on a unique set of questions in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) asking respondents about the counties and states in which their parents and grandparents were raised. Using this information along with the extensive geographic information available in the PSID survey, the article tracks the geographic locations of four generations of family members and considers the ways in which families and places are linked together over the course of a family\u2019s history. The patterns documented in the article are consistent with much of the demographic literature on the Great Migration of black Americans out of the South, but they reveal new insights into patterns of black migration after the Great Migration. In the most recent generation, black Americans have remained in place to a degree that is unique relative to the previous generation and relative to whites of the same generation. This new geographic immobility is the most pronounced change in black Americans\u2019 migration patterns after the Great Migration, and it is a pattern that has implications for the demography of black migration as well as the literature on racial inequality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-014-0368-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T17:50:55Z","timestamp":1421776255000},"page":"209-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Geographic Migration of Black and White Families Over Four Generations"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Sharkey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, New York University, Puck Building, Room 4102, 295 Lafayette Street, New York, NY 10012, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021030815155160800_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/02732170050122639","article-title":"Homeward bound: The return migration of southern-born black women, 1940 to 1990","volume":"20","author":"Adelman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sociological Spectrum"},{"key":"2021030815155160800_CR2","volume-title":"One more day\u2019s journey: The story of a family and a people","author":"Ballard","year":"1984"},{"key":"2021030815155160800_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1086\/298192","article-title":"The Panel Study of Income Dynamics after fourteen years: An evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Becketti","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Labor Economics"},{"key":"2021030815155160800_CR4","volume-title":"The making of African America: The four Great Migrations","author":"Berlin","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021030815155160800_CR5","unstructured":"Bilefsky, D.\n           (2011, June 21). For new life, blacks in city head to South. The New York Times. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/06\/22\/nyregion\/many-black-new-yorkers-are-moving-to-the-south.html?pagewanted=all"},{"key":"2021030815155160800_CR6","volume-title":"Notes on the \u201cSEO\u201d or \u201ccensus\u201d component of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics","author":"Brown","year":"1996"},{"key":"2021030815155160800_CR7","unstructured":"Copeland, L.\n           (2011, July 1). Blacks return to southern roots. USA Today. Retrieved from http:\/\/usatoday30.usatoday.com\/news\/nation\/census\/2011-06-30-black-south-census-migration_n.htm"},{"key":"2021030815155160800_CR8","first-page":"514","article-title":"Reinterpretation of black return and non-return migration to the South","volume":"39","author":"Cromartie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rural Sociology"},{"key":"2021030815155160800_CR9","unstructured":"Curtis, M. C.\n           (2011). Why we\u2019re moving back South. The Root. 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