{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T15:48:07Z","timestamp":1782143287661,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470614400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This article reports estimates of the cumulative risk of imprisonment and parental imprisonment for demographic groups in four regions and four states. Regional and state-level cumulative risks were markedly higher for African Americans and Latinos than for whites. African Americans faced the highest cumulative risks of imprisonment in the Midwest, Northeast, and two southern states. Latinos were most likely to serve time in state prison in the West, where their cumulative risk was comparable to that of African Americans. Latino children had a relatively high risk of having a parent imprisoned in the Northeast as well. Racial disparities in the cumulative risk of imprisonment and parental imprisonment did not increase linearly with increases in the cumulative risk for all groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0493-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T18:06:18Z","timestamp":1470679578000},"page":"1499-1509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Geographic Variation in the Cumulative Risk of Imprisonment and Parental Imprisonment in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Muller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, 496 Barrows Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Wildeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, 137 Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"},{"name":"Bureau of Justice Statistics, 810 Seventh Street, NW, Washington, DC 20531, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021012120284217300_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474506059138","article-title":"The politics of punishing: Building a state governance theory of American imprisonment variation","volume":"8","author":"Barker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Punishment & Society"},{"key":"2021012120284217300_CR2","volume-title":"Prevalence of imprisonment in the U.S. population, 1974\u20132001","author":"Bonczar","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021012120284217300_CR3","volume-title":"Lifetime likelihood of going to state or federal prison","author":"Bonczar","year":"1997"},{"key":"2021012120284217300_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.17629","volume-title":"Doing time on the outside: Incarceration and family life in urban America","author":"Braman","year":"2004"},{"key":"2021012120284217300_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414530398","article-title":"Surveillance and system avoidance: Criminal justice contact and institutional attachment","volume":"79","author":"Brayne","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"2021012120284217300_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1086\/669506","article-title":"The transformation of America\u2019s penal order: A historicized political sociology of punishment","volume":"118","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"2021012120284217300_CR7","volume-title":"Prisoners in 2013","author":"Carson","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021012120284217300_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226114682.001.0001","volume-title":"Doing time together: Love and family in the shadow of the prison","author":"Comfort","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021012120284217300_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12015","article-title":"Penalty and the penal state","volume":"51","author":"Garland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"2021012120284217300_CR10","unstructured":"Gawande, A.\n           (2009, March30). 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