{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T12:43:06Z","timestamp":1791722586137,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483660800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A growing literature has documented the mostly deleterious intergenerational consequences of paternal incarceration, but less research has considered heterogeneity in these relationships. In this article, I use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,065) to estimate the heterogeneous relationship between paternal incarceration and children\u2019s problem behaviors (internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and early juvenile delinquency) and cognitive skills (reading comprehension, math comprehension, and verbal ability) in middle childhood. Taking into account children\u2019s risk of experiencing paternal incarceration, measured by the social contexts in which children are embedded (e.g., father\u2019s residential status, poverty, neighborhood disadvantage) reveals that the consequences\u2014across all outcomes except early juvenile delinquency\u2014are more deleterious for children with relatively low risks of exposure to paternal incarceration than for children with relatively high risks of exposure to paternal incarceration. These findings suggest that the intergenerational consequences of paternal incarceration are more complicated than documented in previous research and, more generally, suggest that research on family inequality consider both differential selection into treatments and differential responses to treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0543-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]],"date-time":"2017-01-06T23:10:10Z","timestamp":1483744210000},"page":"361-389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["The Unequal Consequences of Mass Incarceration for Children"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Kristin","family":"Turney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, 3151 Social Science Plaza, Irvine, CA 92697-5100, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021012512293031700_CR1","volume-title":"Missing data","author":"Allison","year":"2001"},{"key":"2021012512293031700_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.15.3.355","article-title":"Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Amato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"2021012512293031700_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2307\/353560","article-title":"Nonresident fathers and children\u2019s well-being: A meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Amato","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"2021012512293031700_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-009-9087-5","article-title":"The impact of imprisonment on marriage and divorce: A risk set matching approach","volume":"26","author":"Apel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Criminology"},{"key":"2021012512293031700_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12117","article-title":"Family process perspective on the heterogeneous effects of maternal incarceration on child wellbeing","volume":"14","author":"Arditti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Criminology & Public Policy"},{"key":"2021012512293031700_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0700700104","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis for average treatment effects","volume":"7","author":"Becker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stata Journal"},{"key":"2021012512293031700_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510802339072","article-title":"What improves with increased missing data imputations?","volume":"15","author":"Bodner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"2021012512293031700_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2007.00444.x","article-title":"Ambiguous loss theory: Challenges for scholars and practitioners","volume":"56","author":"Boss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Family Relations"},{"key":"2021012512293031700_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.17629","volume-title":"Doing time on the outside: Incarceration and family life in urban America","author":"Braman","year":"2004"},{"key":"2021012512293031700_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122410363567","article-title":"Who benefits most from college? 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