{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:29:56Z","timestamp":1790458196645,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509321600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>As a consequence of the reversal of the gender gap in education, the female partner in a couple now typically has as much as or more education compared with the male partner in most Western countries. This study addresses the implications for the earnings of women relative to their male partners in 16 European countries. Using the 2007 and 2011 rounds of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (N = 58,292), we investigate the extent to which international differences in women\u2019s relative earnings can be explained by educational pairings and their interaction with the motherhood penalty on women\u2019s earnings, by international differences in male unemployment, or by cultural gender norms. We find that the newly emerged pattern of hypogamy is associated with higher relative earnings for women in all countries and that the motherhood penalty on relative earnings is considerably lower in hypogamous couples, but neither of these findings can explain away international country differences. Similarly, male unemployment is associated with higher relative earnings for women but cannot explain away the country differences. Against expectations, we find that the hypogamy bonus on women\u2019s relative earnings, if anything, tends to be stronger rather than weaker in countries that exhibit more conservative gender norms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0621-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T18:04:33Z","timestamp":1509386673000},"page":"2331-2349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Educational Pairings, Motherhood, and Women\u2019s Relative Earnings in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Bavel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sociological Research, University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45 bus 3601, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Klesment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sociological Research, University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45 bus 3601, BE3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021012716491286400_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802320191606","article-title":"The motherhood wage penalty: Which mothers pay it and why?","volume":"92","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"2021012716491286400_CR2","volume-title":"Income and living conditions in Europe","author":"Atkinson","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021012716491286400_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv322v4rc","volume-title":"A treatise on the family","author":"Becker","year":"1993","edition":"Enlarged"},{"key":"2021012716491286400_CR4","volume-title":"The impact of the economic crisis on the situation of women and men and on gender equality policies","author":"Bettio","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021012716491286400_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-070308-115913","article-title":"Educational assortative marriage in comparative perspective","volume":"35","author":"Blossfeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"2021012716491286400_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1065-8_1","article-title":"Educational systems as marriage markets in modern societies: A conceptual framework","volume-title":"Who marries whom? 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