{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T05:34:26Z","timestamp":1773466466853,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Previous research has provided estimates of the cumulative risk of felony conviction and imprisonment in the United States. These experiences are, however, also the rarest; most of what happens in the criminal justice system occurs at the level of the misdemeanor rather than the felony. This article addresses our limited understanding of the scope of subfelony justice by providing estimates of the cumulative risk of several lower-level arrest outcomes for one jurisdiction: New York City. Because of excess life table events contributed by nonresidents of New York City, estimates are likely upwardly biased relative to the true values. Nonetheless, they allow us to (1) assess the cumulative risk of misdemeanor conviction and jail sentences and (2) determine to what extent those who enter the world of subfelony justice are distinct from those with felony or imprisonment records.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-019-00781-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T18:44:18Z","timestamp":1556649858000},"page":"1161-1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cumulative Risks of Multiple Criminal Justice Outcomes in New York City"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Hepburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Issa","family":"Kohler-Hausmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Law School, Yale University, 127 Wall Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Zorro Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, 1126 East 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR1","volume-title":"Lifetime likelihood of going to state or federal prison","author":"Bonczar","year":"1997"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.15195\/v5.a15","article-title":"Mass imprisonment and the extended family","volume":"5","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sociological Science"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9780814776155.003.0013","article-title":"Street stops and broken windows revisited: The demography and logic of proactive policing in a safe and changing city","volume-title":"Race, ethnicity, and policing: New and essential readings","author":"Fagan","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1198\/016214506000001040","article-title":"An analysis of the New York City Police Department\u2019s \u201cstop-and-frisk\u201d policy in the context of claims of racial bias","volume":"102","author":"Gelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674735842","volume-title":"The eternal criminal record","author":"Jacobs","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR6","unstructured":"Justice Center. (2018). New York. The National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction. Retrieved from https:\/\/niccc.csgjusticecenter.org\/"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1086\/674743","article-title":"Misdemeanor justice: Control without conviction","volume":"119","author":"Kohler-Hausmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR8","first-page":"611","article-title":"Mass misdemeanors and managerial justice","volume":"66","author":"Kohler-Hausmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stanford Law Review"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR9","volume-title":"Misdemeanorland: Criminal courts and social control in an age of broken windows policing","author":"Kohler-Hausmann","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR10","volume-title":"Examining the work of state courts: An analysis of 2010 state court caseloads","author":"LaFountain","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716215625053","article-title":"Found out and opting out: The consequences of online criminal records for families","volume":"665","author":"Lageson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474517737050","article-title":"Digital degradation: Stigma management in the internet age","volume":"20","author":"Lageson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Punishment & Society"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195149326.001.0001","volume-title":"Locked out: Felon disenfranchisement and American democracy","author":"Manza","year":"2006"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR14","volume-title":"Fewer prisoners, less crime: A tale of three states","author":"Mauer","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0493-7","article-title":"Geographic variation in the cumulative risk of imprisonment and parental imprisonment in the United States","volume":"53","author":"Muller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR16","first-page":"1313","article-title":"Misdemeanors","volume":"85","author":"Natapoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Southern California Law Review"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-120814-121742","article-title":"Misdemeanors","volume":"11","author":"Natapoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Law and Social Science"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR18","volume-title":"Invisible men: Mass incarceration and the myth of black progress","author":"Pettit","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240406900201","article-title":"Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in U.S. incarceration","volume":"69","author":"Pettit","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR20","volume-title":"Locked in: The true causes of mass incarceration and how to achieve real reform","author":"Pfaff","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474516649174","article-title":"Mass probation: Toward a more robust theory of state variation in punishment","volume":"19","author":"Phelps","year":"2017","journal-title":"Punishment & Society"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR22","volume-title":"IPUMS USA: Version 7.0","author":"Ruggles","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0611-1","article-title":"The growth, scope, and spatial distribution of people with felony records in the United States, 1948\u20132010","volume":"54","author":"Shannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR24","first-page":"101","article-title":"The scale of misdemeanor justice","volume":"98","author":"Stevenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Boston University Law Review"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12051","article-title":"The edge of stigma: An experimental audit of the effects of low-level criminal records on employment","volume":"52","author":"Uggen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716208324850","article-title":"The black family and mass incarceration","volume":"621","author":"Western","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"key":"2021012903492546500_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.0.0052","article-title":"Parental imprisonment, the prison boom, and the concentration of childhood disadvantage","volume":"46","author":"Wildeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Demography"}],"container-title":["Demography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13524-019-00781-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13524-019-00781-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/demography\/article-pdf\/56\/3\/1161\/844208\/1161hepburn.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13524-019-00781-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/demography\/article-pdf\/56\/3\/1161\/844208\/1161hepburn.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T03:50:29Z","timestamp":1611892229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/read.dukeupress.edu\/demography\/article\/56\/3\/1161\/167987\/Cumulative-Risks-of-Multiple-Criminal-Justice"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13524-019-00781-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0070-3370","1533-7790"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0070-3370","type":"print"},{"value":"1533-7790","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 April 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}