{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:49:31Z","timestamp":1791946171108,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Duke University Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":560,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003252","name":"Lund University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The 1918 influenza pandemic had not only a massive instant death toll but also lasting effects on its survivors. Several studies have shown that children born in 1919, and thus exposed to the H1N1 virus in utero, experienced worse health and socioeconomic outcomes in older ages than surrounding birth cohorts. This study combines several sources of contemporary statistics with full-population individual-level data for Sweden during 1968\u20132012 to examine the influence of fetal exposure to the Spanish flu on health, adulthood income, and occupational attainment. For both men and women, fetal exposure resulted in higher morbidity in ages 54\u201387, as measured by hospitalization. For males, exposure during the second trimester also affected mortality in cancer and heart disease. Overall, the effects on all-cause mortality were modest, with about three months shorter remaining life expectancy for the cohorts exposed during the second trimester. For socioeconomic outcomes, results fail to provide consistent evidence supporting any long-term consequences of fetal exposure. We conclude that although the immediate health effects of exposure to the 1918 pandemic were huge, the long-term effects were modest in size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-019-00799-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T15:02:47Z","timestamp":1563548567000},"page":"1389-1425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["The Long-Lasting Influenza: The Impact of Fetal Stress During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic on Socioeconomic Attainment and Health in Sweden, 1968\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.1215","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Jonas","family":"Helgertz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Economic Demography (CED) and Department of Economic History, Lund University, Box 7083, 220 07 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, 50 Willey Hall, 225 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommy","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Economic Demography (CED) and Department of Economic History, Lund University, Box 7083, 220 07 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"IZA, Institute of Labor Economics, Schaumburg-Lippe-Strasse 5-9, 53113 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"CEPR, Centre for Economic Policy Research, 33 Great Sutton Street, London EC1V 0DX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"73","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl. 135","key":"2021012903501267200_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1962.tb08652.x","article-title":"Weight and length of the newborn during the years 1918\u20131922 and 1938\u20131942","volume":"51","author":"Abolins","year":"1962","journal-title":"Acta Pediatrica"},{"key":"2021012903501267200_CR2","first-page":"581","article-title":"\u00d6versikt \u00f6ver \u201cSpanska sjukans\u201d f\u00f6rlopp bland H\u00f6gan\u00e4sverkets personal [Overview of the development of the Spanish flu among the personnel at H\u00f6gan\u00e4sverket]","volume":"25","author":"Alling","year":"1919","journal-title":"Allm\u00e4nna Svenska L\u00e4kartidningen"},{"key":"2021012903501267200_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1086\/507154","article-title":"Is the 1918 influenza pandemic over? 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