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Loss of muscle occurs as a consequence of several chronic diseases (cachexia) as well as normal aging (sarcopenia). Although many negative regulators [Atrogin\u20101, muscle ring finger\u20101, nuclear factor\u2010kappaB (NF\u2010\u03baB), myostatin, etc.] have been proposed to enhance protein degradation during both sarcopenia and cachexia, the adaptation of mediators markedly differs among these conditions. Sarcopenic and cachectic muscles have been demonstrated to be abundant in myostatin\u2010 and apoptosis\u2010linked molecules. The ubiquitin\u2013proteasome system (UPS) is activated during many different types of cachexia (cancer cachexia, cardiac heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), but not many mediators of the UPS change during sarcopenia. NF\u2010\u03baB signaling is activated in cachectic, but not in sarcopenic, muscle. Some studies have indicated a change of autophagic signaling during both sarcopenia and cachexia, but the adaptation remains to be elucidated. This review provides an overview of the adaptive changes in negative regulators of muscle mass in both sarcopenia and cachexia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-011-0052-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]],"date-time":"2012-01-11T11:49:03Z","timestamp":1326282543000},"page":"77-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Sarcopenia and cachexia: the adaptations of negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Kunihiro","family":"Sakuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Physical Fitness, Sports and Health Toyohashi University of Technology  1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tenpaku-cho 441-8580 Toyohashi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry Health Sciences University of Hokkaido  Kanazawa 061-0293 Ishikari-Tobetsu Hokkaido"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.5.1231"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.1.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"The meaning and measurement of lean body mass","volume":"46","author":"Roubenoff R","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctv9b2tqv"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M716","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.12.M716","article-title":"Sarcopenia: current concepts","volume":"55","author":"Hughes V","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gerontol Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0007-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.2.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04719.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0014-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(98)00130-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52014.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200001000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00366.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition","volume":"50","author":"Lexell J","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Morphological and functional characteristics of the ageing skeletal muscle in man. 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