{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T19:42:14Z","timestamp":1772307734969,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,27]],"date-time":"2013-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent efforts to provide a consensus definition propose that sarcopenia be considered a clinical syndrome associated with the loss of both skeletal muscle mass and muscle function that occurs with aging. Validation of sarcopenia definitions that include both low muscle mass and poor muscle function is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the population\u2010based African American Health (AAH) study (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009998 at baseline\/wave 1), muscle mass and mobility were evaluated in a clinical testing center in a subsample of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009319 persons (ages 52\u201368) at wave 4 (2004). Muscle mass was measured using dual energy x\u2010ray absorptiometry and mobility by a 6\u2010min walk test and 4\u2010m gait walk test. Height corrected appendicular skeletal mass (ASM; 9.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5 in <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009124 males, 8.3\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2 in <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009195 females) was computed as total lean muscle mass in arms and legs (kilograms) divided by the square of height (meters). Cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal (6\u2010year) associations of low ASM (bottom 25\u00a0% AAH sample; &lt;7.96 males and &lt;7.06 females) and low ASM with limited mobility (4\u2010m gait walk \u22641\u00a0m\/s or 6\u2010min walk &lt;400\u00a0m) were examined for basic activities of daily living (ADL) difficulties, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) difficulties, frailty, falls, and mortality (longitudinal only).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low ASM with limited mobility was associated with IADL difficulties (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.008) and frailty (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.040) but not with ADL difficulties or falls in cross\u2010sectional analyses; and with ADL difficulties (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.022), IADL difficulties (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.006), frailty (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.039), and mortality (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.003) but not with falls in longitudinal analyses adjusted for age and gender. Low ASM alone was marginally associated with mortality (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.085) but not with other outcomes in cross\u2010sectional or longitudinal analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low ASM with limited mobility is associated with poor health outcomes among late middle\u2010aged African Americans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-013-0106-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]],"date-time":"2013-03-26T12:38:48Z","timestamp":1364301528000},"page":"179-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Low appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) with limited mobility and poor health outcomes in middle\u2010aged African Americans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Theodore K.","family":"Malmstrom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Saint Louis University School of Medicine  1438 South Grand Boulevard 63104 St. Louis MO"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine  1402 South Grand Boulevard, M238 63104 St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas K.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aging Research Indiana University School of Medicine, and Regenstrief Institute, Inc.  410 West 10th Street, Suite 2000 46202 Indianapolis IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Herning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Physical Therapy and Athletic Training Saint Louis University Doisy College of Health Sciences  3437 Caroline St., Suite 1026 63104 St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Saint Louis University School of Medicine  1402 South Grand Boulevard, M238 63104 St. Louis MO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0014-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.00540.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328340c2c2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2011.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-1913-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52211.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/59.2.S118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.2.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008483-199601000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"Data 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