{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:00:04Z","timestamp":1791320404135,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,8]],"date-time":"2013-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Weight loss is the hallmark of any progressive acute or chronic disease state. In its extreme form of significant lean body mass (including skeletal muscle) and fat loss, it is referred to as cachexia. It has been known for millennia that muscle and fat wasting leads to poor outcomes including death. On one hand, conditions and risk factors that lead to cachexia and inadequate nutrition may independently lead to increased mortality. Additionaly, cachexia per se, withdrawal of nutritional support in progressive cachexia, and advanced age may lead to death via cachexia\u2010specific pathways. Despite the strong and consistent association of cachexia with mortality, no unifying mechanism has yet been suggested as to why wasting conditions are associated with an exceptionally high mortality risk. Hence, the causality of the cachexia\u2013death association, even though it is biologically plausible, is widely unknown. This century\u2010long uncertainty may have played a role as to why the field of cachexia treatment development has not shown major advances over the past decades. We suggest that cachexia\u2010associated relative thrombocytosis and platelet activation may play a causal role in cachexia\u2010related death, while other mechanisms may also contribute including arrhythmia\u2010associated sudden deaths, endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism, and immune system compromise leading to infectious events and deaths. Multidimensional research including examining biologically plausible models is urgently needed to investigate the causality of the cachexia\u2013death association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-013-0111-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]],"date-time":"2013-06-07T14:23:23Z","timestamp":1370615003000},"page":"89-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Why cachexia kills: examining the causality of poor outcomes in wasting conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Kamyar","family":"Kalantar-Zadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research &amp; Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine University of California Irvine  101 The City Drive South, City Tower 92868-3217 Orange CA"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University of California Irvine  Irvine CA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology UCLA School of Public Health  Los Angeles CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research &amp; Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine University of California Irvine  101 The City Drive South, City Tower 92868-3217 Orange CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Kaiser Permanente of Southern California  Pasadena CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Stenvinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology Karolinska Institute  Stockholm"},{"name":"Division of Renal Medicine Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge  Stockholm"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan D.","family":"Anker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology Charit\u00e9 Medical School, Campus Virchow-Klinikum  Berlin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csaba P.","family":"Kovesdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Memphis TN"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology University of Tennessee Health Science Center  Memphis TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farkas J von Haehling S Kalantar-Zadeh K Morley JE Anker SD Lainscak M. Cachexia as a major public health problem: frequent costly and deadly. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2013. doi:10.1007\/s13539-013-0105-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-013-0105-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576505800503"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2011.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.059204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.014639"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107602960401000412"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyan C Kaptan K. Reactive thrombocytosis accompanying subclinical hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. 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