{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:55:36Z","timestamp":1793246136369,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Galderma International"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-017-0185-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]],"date-time":"2017-06-05T01:54:01Z","timestamp":1496627641000},"page":"293-304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Why Topical Retinoids Are Mainstay of Therapy for Acne"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Leyden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Stein-Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"185_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.01.011","volume":"74","author":"S Pena","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pena S, Hill D, Feldman SR. Use of topical retinoids by dermatologists and non-dermatologists in the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74:1252\u20134.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.618","volume":"49","author":"H Gollnick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gollnick H, Cunliffe W, Berson D, Dreno B, Finlay A, Leyden JJ, et al. Management of acne: a report from a Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:S1\u201337.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.01.019","volume":"60","author":"D Thiboutot","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thiboutot D, Gollnick H, Bettoli V, Dreno B, Kang S, Leyden JJ, et al. New insights into the management of acne: an update from the Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne group. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:S1\u201350.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"185_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0490B","volume":"131","author":"LF Eichenfield","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eichenfield LF, Krakowski AC, Piggott C, Del Rosso J, Baldwin H, Friedlander SF, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric acne. Pediatrics. 2013;131(Suppl 3):S163\u201386.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"185_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04374.x","volume":"26","author":"A Nast","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nast A, Dreno B, Bettoli V, Degitz K, Erdmann R, Finlay AY, et al. European evidence-based (S3) guidelines for the treatment of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(Suppl 1):1\u201329.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"185_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.08.048","volume":"56","author":"JS Strauss","year":"2007","unstructured":"Strauss JS, Krowchuk DP, Leyden JJ, Lucky AW, Shalita AR, Siegfried EC, et al. Guidelines of care for acne vulgaris management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:651\u201363.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"945\u201373","key":"185_CR7","first-page":"e33","volume":"74","author":"AL Zaenglein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zaenglein AL, Pathy AL, Schlosser BJ, Alikhan A, Baldwin HE, Berson DS, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74(945\u201373):e33.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630310012037","volume":"14","author":"R Balkrishnan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Balkrishnan R, Fleischer AB Jr, Paruthi S, Feldman SR. Physicians underutilize topical retinoids in the management of acne vulgaris: analysis of US National Practice Data. J Dermatolog Treat. 2003;14:172\u20136.","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat."},{"key":"185_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3109\/09546630903341960","volume":"21","author":"R Balkrishnan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Balkrishnan R, Bhosle MJ, Camacho F, Fleischer AB, Feldman SR. Prescribing patterns for topical retinoids: analyses of 15\u00a0years of data from the national ambulatory medical care survey. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010;21:193\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat."},{"key":"185_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13675","volume":"30","author":"HP Gollnick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gollnick HP, Bettoli V, Lambert J, Araviiskaia E, Binic I, Dessinioti C, et al. A consensus-based practical and daily guide for the treatment of acne patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:1480\u201390.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"185_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59715-2","volume-title":"A. Acne and Rosacea","author":"GK Plewig","year":"2000","unstructured":"Plewig GK. A. Acne and Rosacea. New York: Springer; 2000."},{"key":"185_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2008.06741.x","volume":"6","author":"A Thielitz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thielitz A, Abdel-Naser MB, Fluhr JW, Zouboulis CC, Gollnick H. Topical retinoids in acne\u2013an evidence-based overview. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008;6:1023\u201331.","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges."},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"185_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13190","volume":"29","author":"B Dreno","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dreno B, Gollnick HP, Kang S, Thiboutot D, Bettoli V, Torres V, et al. Understanding innate immunity and inflammation in acne: implications for management. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(Suppl 4):3\u201311.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"185_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12321.x","volume":"121","author":"AH Jeremy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jeremy AH, Holland DB, Roberts SG, Thomson KF, Cunliffe WJ. Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121:20\u20137.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"185_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.12.024","volume":"58","author":"TT Do","year":"2008","unstructured":"Do TT, Zarkhin S, Orringer JS, Nemeth S, Hamilton T, Sachs D, et al. Computer-assisted alignment and tracking of acne lesions indicate that most inflammatory lesions arise from comedones and de novo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:603\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04330.x","volume":"27","author":"WJ Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee WJ, Jung HJ, Lim HJ, Jang YH, Lee SJ, Kim DW. Serial sections of atrophic acne scars help in the interpretation of microscopic findings and the selection of good therapeutic modalities. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27:643\u20136.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"185_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.8.3158-3165.1995","volume":"63","author":"BR Vowels","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vowels BR, Yang S, Leyden JJ. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines by a soluble factor of Propionibacterium acnes: implications for chronic inflammatory acne. Infect Immun. 1995;63:3158\u201365.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"185_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04276.x","volume":"145","author":"A Thielitz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Thielitz A, Helmdach M, Ropke EM, Gollnick H. Lipid analysis of follicular casts from cyanoacrylate strips as a new method for studying therapeutic effects of antiacne agents. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:19\u201327.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"185_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0926-9959.2001.00006.x","volume":"15","author":"J Czernielewski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Czernielewski J, Michel S, Bouclier M, Baker M, Hensby JC. Adapalene biochemistry and the evolution of a new topical retinoid for treatment of acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2001;15(Suppl 3):5\u201312.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"Suppl 52","key":"185_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.1390s2003.x","volume":"139","author":"S Michel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Michel S, Jomard A, Demarchez M. Pharmacology of adapalene. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(Suppl 52):3\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2007.00552.x","volume":"16","author":"I Tenaud","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tenaud I, Khammari A, Dreno B. In vitro modulation of TLR-2, CD1d and IL-10 by adapalene on normal human skin and acne inflammatory lesions. Exp Dermatol. 2007;16:500\u20136.","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2165\/0128071-200809060-00003","volume":"9","author":"A Thielitz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thielitz A, Gollnick H. Topical retinoids in acne vulgaris: update on efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9:369\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.12788\/j.sder.2016.024","volume":"35","author":"L Yeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yeh L, Bonati LM, Silverberg NB. Topical retinoids for acne. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2016;35:50\u20136.","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"185_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03163.x","volume":"129","author":"CE Griffiths","year":"1993","unstructured":"Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, Tranfaglia MG, Hamilton TA, Voorhees JJ. An in vivo experimental model for effects of topical retinoic acid in human skin. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129:389\u201394.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR25","first-page":"773","volume":"14","author":"RM Lavker","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lavker RM, Leyden JJ, Thorne EG. An ultrastructural study of the effects of topical tretinoin on microcomedones. Clin Ther. 1992;14:773\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"185_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.10.879","volume":"54","author":"D Thiboutot","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thiboutot D, Pariser DM, Egan N, Flores J, Herndon JH Jr, Kanof NB, et al. Adapalene gel 0.3% for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled, phase III trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54:242\u201350.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR27","first-page":"145","volume":"76","author":"DM Pariser","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pariser DM, Thiboutot DM, Clark SD, Jones TM, Liu Y, Graeber M, et al. The efficacy and safety of adapalene gel 0.3% in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, multicenter, investigator-blinded, controlled comparison study versus adapalene gel 0.1% and vehicle. Cutis. 2005;76:145\u201351.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"185_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-016-0178-4","volume":"17","author":"L Stein Gold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stein Gold L, Weiss J, Rueda MJ, Liu H, Tanghetti E. Moderate and severe inflammatory acne vulgaris effectively treated with single-agent therapy by a new fixed-dose combination adapalene 0.3%\/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, controlled study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016;17:293\u2013303.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893080","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/893080","volume":"2010","author":"G Fabbrocini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fabbrocini G, Annunziata MC, D\u2019Arco V, De Vita V, Lodi G, Mauriello MC, et al. Acne scars: pathogenesis, classification and treatment. Dermatol Res Pract. 2010;2010:893080.","journal-title":"Dermatol Res Pract."},{"key":"185_CR30","unstructured":"Patel M, Leung S, Chien AL, Xu H, Audibert F, Kerrouche N, Rueda MJ, Kang S. Improvement in atrophic acne scars by topical adapalene 0.3% gel is associated with induction of procollagen I and III. Society of Investigative Dermatology. Albuquerque, NM2014."},{"key":"185_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70150-9","volume":"18","author":"AG Pandya","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pandya AG, Guevara IL. Disorders of hyperpigmentation. Dermatol Clin. 2000;18:91\u20138 (ix).","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin."},{"key":"185_CR32","first-page":"45","volume":"77","author":"P Grimes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grimes P, Callender V. Tazarotene cream for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and acne vulgaris in darker skin: a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Cutis. 2006;77:45\u201350.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"185_CR33","first-page":"549","volume":"9","author":"E Tanghetti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tanghetti E, Dhawan S, Green L, Del Rosso J, Draelos Z, Leyden J, et al. Randomized comparison of the safety and efficacy of tazarotene 0.1% cream and adapalene 0.3% gel in the treatment of patients with at least moderate facial acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2010;9:549\u201358.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"185_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03169.x","volume":"129","author":"CE Griffiths","year":"1993","unstructured":"Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, Ditre CM, Hamilton TA, Ellis CN, Voorhees JJ. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129:415\u201321.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR35","first-page":"48","volume":"68","author":"WK Jacyk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jacyk WK, Mpofu P. Adapalene gel 0.1% for topical treatment of acne vulgaris in African patients. Cutis. 2001;68:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"185_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305203282002","volume":"328","author":"SM Bulengo-Ransby","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bulengo-Ransby SM, Griffiths CE, Kimbrough-Green CK, Finkel LJ, Hamilton TA, Ellis CN, et al. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) therapy for hyperpigmented lesions caused by inflammation of the skin in black patients. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1438\u201343.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"185_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2005.02.009","volume":"27","author":"JJ Leyden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Leyden JJ, Shalita A, Thiboutot D, Washenik K, Webster G. Topical retinoids in inflammatory acne: a retrospective, investigator-blinded, vehicle-controlled, photographic assessment. Clin Ther. 2005;27:216\u201324.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"185_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90443-0","volume":"34","author":"A Shalita","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shalita A, Weiss JS, Chalker DK, Ellis CN, Greenspan A, Katz HI, et al. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of adapalene gel 0.1% and tretinoin gel 0.025% in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a multicenter trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:482\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR39","first-page":"4","volume":"67","author":"GF Webster","year":"2001","unstructured":"Webster GF, Berson D, Stein LF, Fivenson DP, Tanghetti EA, Ling M. Efficacy and tolerability of once-daily tazarotene 0.1% gel versus once-daily tretinoin 0.025% gel in the treatment of facial acne vulgaris: a randomized trial. Cutis. 2001;67:4\u20139.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"185_CR40","first-page":"4","volume":"69","author":"GF Webster","year":"2002","unstructured":"Webster GF, Guenther L, Poulin YP, Solomon BA, Loven K, Lee J. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized comparison study of the efficacy and tolerability of once-daily tazarotene 0.1% gel and adapalene 0.1% gel for the treatment of facial acne vulgaris. Cutis. 2002;69:4\u201311.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"185_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12706","volume":"170","author":"A Jacobs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jacobs A, Starke G, Rosumeck S, Nast A. Systematic review on the rapidity of the onset of action of topical treatments in the therapy of mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170:557\u201364.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475415591117","volume":"19","author":"L Culp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Culp L, Moradi Tuchayi S, Alinia H, Feldman SR. Tolerability of topical retinoids: are there clinically meaningful differences among topical retinoids? J Cutan Med Surg. 2015;19:530\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg."},{"key":"185_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2147\/ciia.2006.1.4.327","volume":"1","author":"S Mukherjee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mukherjee S, Date A, Patravale V, Korting HC, Roeder A, Weindl G. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1:327\u201348.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"185_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2003.09.001","volume":"146","author":"BH Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim BH, Lee YS, Kang KS. The mechanism of retinol-induced irritation and its application to anti-irritant development. Toxicol Lett. 2003;146:65\u201373.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"185_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/00129334-200410000-00011","volume":"17","author":"J Fore-Pfliger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fore-Pfliger J. The epidermal skin barrier: implications for the wound care practitioner, part I. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2004;17:417\u201325.","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care."},{"issue":"Suppl 52","key":"185_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.1390s2023.x","volume":"139","author":"FE Dunlap","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dunlap FE, Baker MD, Plott RT, Verschoore M. Adapalene 0.1% gel has low skin irritation potential even when applied immediately after washing. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(Suppl 52):23\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR47","first-page":"53","volume":"39","author":"G Haidl","year":"1988","unstructured":"Haidl G, Plewig G. Exfoliative cytology of stratum corneum and the effects of topical retinoids on the physical properties of corneocytes. J Soc Cosmet Chem. 1988;39:53\u201367.","journal-title":"J Soc Cosmet Chem"},{"key":"185_CR48","first-page":"15","volume":"3","author":"VD Callender","year":"2010","unstructured":"Callender VD, Preston N, Osborn C, Johnson L, Gottschalk RW. A Meta-analysis to investigate the relation between Fitzpatrick skin types and tolerability of adapalene-benzoyl peroxide topical gel in subjects with mild or moderate acne. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3:15\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol."},{"key":"185_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90377-8","volume":"344","author":"PA Becherel","year":"1994","unstructured":"Becherel PA, Mossalayi MD, LeGoff L, Frances C, Chosidow O, Debre P, et al. Mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of retinoids on keratinocytes. Lancet. 1994;344:1570\u20131.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"185_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2006.00084.x","volume":"19","author":"A Thielitz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thielitz A, Krautheim A, Gollnick H. Update in retinoid therapy of acne. Dermatol Ther. 2006;19:272\u20139.","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"185_CR51","first-page":"641","volume":"3","author":"J Leyden","year":"2004","unstructured":"Leyden J, Grove G, Zerweck C. Facial tolerability of topical retinoid therapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2004;3:641\u201351.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"185_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.4.481","volume":"138","author":"S Bershad","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bershad S, Kranjac Singer G, Parente JE, Tan MH, Sherer DW, Persaud AN, et al. Successful treatment of acne vulgaris using a new method: results of a randomized vehicle-controlled trial of short-contact therapy with 0.1% tazarotene gel. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:481\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2015.11.001","volume":"34","author":"J Levin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Levin J. The relationship of proper skin cleansing to pathophysiology, clinical benefits, and the concomitant use of prescription topical therapies in patients with acne vulgaris. Dermatol Clin. 2016;34:133\u201345.","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"185_CR54","first-page":"81","volume":"81","author":"D Thiboutot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thiboutot D, Dreno B, Layton A. Acne counseling to improve adherence. Cutis. 2008;81:81\u20136.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"185_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.111340","volume":"44","author":"JK Tan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tan JK, Vasey K, Fung KY. Beliefs and perceptions of patients with acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:439\u201345.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0960.2001.00489.x","volume":"42","author":"J Green","year":"2001","unstructured":"Green J, Sinclair RD. Perceptions of acne vulgaris in final year medical student written examination answers. Australas J Dermatol. 2001;42:98\u2013101.","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12987","volume":"171","author":"H Pomerantz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pomerantz H, Weinstock MA. Veterans affairs topical tretinoin chemoprevention G. Predictors of local adverse effects caused by topical tretinoin cream 0.1% in the veterans affairs topical tretinoin chemoprevention trial. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171:642\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR58","first-page":"1331","volume":"12","author":"D Thiboutot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thiboutot D, Dreno B, Gollnick H, Bettoli V, Kang S, Leyden JJ, et al. A call to limit antibiotic use in acne. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12:1331\u20132.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"185_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2014.2309","volume":"24","author":"B Dreno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dreno B, Thiboutot D, Gollnick H, Bettoli V, Kang S, Leyden JJ, et al. Antibiotic stewardship in dermatology: limiting antibiotic use in acne. Eur J Dermatol. 2014;24:330\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol."},{"key":"185_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1994.tb13101.x","volume":"130","author":"L Hegemann","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hegemann L, Toso SM, Kitay K, Webster GF. Anti-inflammatory actions of benzoyl peroxide: effects on the generation of reactive oxygen species by leucocytes and the activity of protein kinase C and calmodulin. Br J Dermatol. 1994;130:569\u201375.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol."},{"key":"185_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb05014.x","volume":"132","author":"RA Bojar","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bojar RA, Cunliffe WJ, Holland KT. The short-term treatment of acne vulgaris with benzoyl peroxide: effects on the surface and follicular cutaneous microflora. Br J Dermatol. 1995;132:204\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR62","first-page":"97","volume":"16","author":"J Tan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tan J, Kang S, Leyden J. Prevalence and risk factors of acne scarring among patients consulting dermatologists in the Unites States. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16:97\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"185_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200809050-00001","volume":"9","author":"HP Gollnick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gollnick HP, Finlay AY, Shear N. Global alliance to improve outcomes in A. Can we define acne as a chronic disease? If so, how and when? Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9:279\u201384.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2011.01339.x","volume":"20","author":"T Zuliani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zuliani T, Khammari A, Chaussy H, Knol AC, Dreno B. Ex vivo demonstration of a synergistic effect of Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide on inflammatory acne lesions. Exp Dermatol. 2011;20:850\u20133.","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"185_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3109\/09546631003681094","volume":"22","author":"J Tan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tan J, Gollnick HP, Loesche C, Ma YM, Gold LS. Synergistic efficacy of adapalene 0.1%-benzoyl peroxide 2.5% in the treatment of 3855 acne vulgaris patients. J Dermatolog Treat. 2011;22:197\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat."},{"key":"185_CR66","first-page":"30","volume":"4","author":"LH Kircik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kircik LH. Synergy and its clinical reievance in topical acne therapy. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2011;4:30\u20133.","journal-title":"J Clin Aesthet Dermatol."},{"key":"185_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osman-Ponchet H, Sevin K, Gaborit A, Wagner N, Poncet M. Fixed-combination gels of adapalene and benzoyl peroxide provide optimal percutaneous absorption compared to monad formulations of these compounds: results from two in vitro studies. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2016;7:123\u201331.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-016-0159-9"},{"key":"185_CR68","first-page":"1427","volume":"14","author":"J Weiss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weiss J, Stein Gold L, Leoni M, Rueda MJ, Liu H, Tanghetti E. Customized single-agent therapy management of severe inflammatory acne: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, controlled study of a new treatment-adapalene 0.3%-benzoyl Peroxide 2.5% Gel. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14:1427\u201335.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"185_CR69","unstructured":"Ikoma ATJ, Bissonnette R, Gratton D, Kerrouche N. Enhancing tolerability to adapalene 0.1%\/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel in acne patients: a randomized controlled trial of 4 different application regimens. Presented at 4th Eastern Asia Conference, Nov 16-18, 2016 Tokyo, Japan. 2016."}],"container-title":["Dermatology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13555-017-0185-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T08:26:37Z","timestamp":1602231997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13555-017-0185-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13555-017-0185-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8210","2190-9172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8210","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-9172","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]}}}