{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:05:14Z","timestamp":1775106314230,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009754","name":"Galderma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-026-01706-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T14:02:09Z","timestamp":1773756129000},"page":"1933-1950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Chronic Nodular Prurigo on Quality of Life: A Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9840-6628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Herranz Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibiana","family":"P\u00e9rez Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Bonne Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beky Norela","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4190-5063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor David","family":"De Paz Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-2454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Liz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1706_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2024.09.011","volume":"115","author":"J Ortiz de Frutos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ortiz de Frutos J, Serra Baldrich E, Trib\u00f3 Boixareu MJ, et al. [Translated article] Consensus on the diagnostic algorithm for chronic nodular prurigo. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2024;115(10):T967\u201373.","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1706_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.767","volume":"20","author":"C Zeidler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeidler C, St\u00e4nder S. The pathogenesis of prurigo nodularis\u2013\u2019super-itch\u2019 in exploration. Eur J Pain. 2016;20(1):37\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"1706_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1502a4716","author":"C Patruno","year":"2025","unstructured":"Patruno C, Pelucchi C, Galeone C, Emmi M, Amerio P. Epidemiology and severity of prurigo nodularis in Europe: a literature review with an application to Italian data. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5826\/dpc.1502a4716.","journal-title":"Dermatol Pract Concept"},{"issue":"4","key":"1706_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljaf213","volume":"193","author":"SG Kwatra","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kwatra SG, Pereira MP, Misery L, Mollanazar NK, Shah P, Wiggins S. Prurigo nodularis: disease burden, clinical features and approach to management. Br J Dermatol. 2025;193(4):642\u201352.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"1706_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v105.44334","volume":"105","author":"M Waitek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Waitek M, Weisshaar E. The epidemiology of chronic prurigo: lessons learned. Acta Derm Venereol. 2025;105:adv44334.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1706_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e767","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20585","volume":"39","author":"F Alinaghi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alinaghi F, Jensen MB, Elberling J, Skov L, Loft N. Worldwide prevalence of prurigo nodularis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2025;39(9):e767\u201371.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1706_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14570","volume":"32","author":"MP Pereira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pereira MP, Steinke S, Zeidler C, et al. European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology European Prurigo Project: expert consensus on the definition, classification and terminology of chronic prurigo. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(7):1059\u201365.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1706_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.07.025","volume":"84","author":"S Elmariah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elmariah S, Kim B, Berger T, et al. Practical approaches for diagnosis and management of prurigo nodularis: United States expert panel consensus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(3):747\u201360.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1706_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.183","volume":"83","author":"AH Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang AH, Williams KA, Kwatra SG. Prurigo nodularis: epidemiology and clinical features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(6):1559\u201365.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1706_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2021.1852080","volume":"14","author":"KA Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams KA, Roh YS, Brown I, et al. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and pharmacological treatment of prurigo nodularis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2021;14(1):67\u201377.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1706_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1706_CR12","unstructured":"Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano. Cochrane de Revisiones Sistem\u00e1ticas de Intervenciones, versi\u00f3n 5.1.0 [actualizada en marzo de 2011] [Internet]. Barcelona: Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano; 2012. Disponible en http:\/\/www.cochrane.es\/?q=es\/node\/269."},{"issue":"1","key":"1706_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15145","volume":"33","author":"E Brenaut","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brenaut E, Halvorsen JA, Dalgard FJ, et al. The self-assessed psychological comorbidities of prurigo in European patients: a multicentre study in 13 countries. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV. 2019;33(1):157\u201362.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV"},{"key":"1706_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.12.043","author":"AS Ficheux","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ficheux AS, Brenaut E, Schut C, et al. Predictors of perceived stress, perceived stigmatization, and body dysmorphia in patients with chronic prurigo\/prurigo nodularis: results from an observational cross-sectional multicenter European study in 17 countries. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.12.043.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1706_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.17045","volume":"51","author":"H Murota","year":"2024","unstructured":"Murota H, Arima K, Yoshida T, Fujita H. Disease burden and treatment satisfaction in patients with prurigo nodularis in Japan. J Dermatol. 2024;51(2):223\u201333.","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1706_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.3251","volume":"159","author":"D Rodriguez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodriguez D, Kwatra SG, Dias-Barbosa C, et al. Patient perspectives on living with severe prurigo nodularis. JAMA Dermatol. 2023;159(11):1205\u201312.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1706_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-00962-8","volume":"13","author":"S St\u00e4nder","year":"2023","unstructured":"St\u00e4nder S, Fofana F, Dias-Barbosa C, et al. The sleep disturbance numerical rating scale: content validity, psychometric validation, and meaningful within-patient change in prurigo nodularis. Dermatol Ther. 2023;13(7):1587\u2013602.","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"1706_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.10.011","volume":"142","author":"N Sutaria","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sutaria N, Alphonse MP, Marani M, et al. Cluster analysis of circulating plasma biomarkers in prurigo nodularis reveals a distinct systemic inflammatory signature in African Americans. J Investig Dermatol. 2022;142(5):1300-8.e3.","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1706_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003013","volume":"137","author":"M Yin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yin M, Zhong W, Zhou K, Dou X. Comorbidities of prurigo nodularis in Chinese patients: a multicenter retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl). 2024;137(11):1360\u20132.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"1706_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01167.x","volume":"19","author":"AYFA G.K.Khan","year":"1994","unstructured":"G.K.Khan AYFA. Dermatology life quality index (DLQI)\u2014a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19:210\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1706_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3471","volume":"100","author":"T Todberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Todberg T, Zachariae C, Skov L. Treatment and burden of disease in a cohort of patients with prurigo nodularis: a survey-based study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(8):adv00119.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1706_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_31_21","volume":"66","author":"Y Erdem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erdem Y, Altunay \u0130K, \u00d6zkur E, et al. The association between melatonin levels and sleep quality in patients with pruritus: a potential biomarker on a candidate future treatment. Indian J Dermatol. 2021;66(6):609\u201315.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1706_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.05.036","volume":"86","author":"KA Whang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Whang KA, Le TK, Khanna R, et al. Health-related quality of life and economic burden of prurigo nodularis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86(3):573\u201380.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1706_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16309","volume":"34","author":"MP Pereira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pereira MP, Hoffmann V, Weisshaar E, et al. Chronic nodular prurigo: clinical profile and burden. A European cross-sectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020;34(10):2373\u201383.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"1706_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.11.081","volume":"92","author":"AJ D'Amiano","year":"2025","unstructured":"D\u2019Amiano AJ, Madan V, Ma E, et al. Patient perspectives on the lived experience of prurigo nodularis: a qualitative approach. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2025;92:1370\u20132.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1706_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2561","volume":"97","author":"F Sampogna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sampogna F, Abeni D, Gieler U, et al. Impairment of sexual life in 3,485 dermatological outpatients from a multicentre study in 13 European countries. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017;97(4):478\u201382.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"1706_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.649332","volume":"8","author":"C Zeidler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeidler C, Pereira MP, St\u00e4nder S. Chronic prurigo: similar clinical profile and burden across clinical phenotypes. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:649332.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1706_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3778","volume":"101","author":"EC Gwillim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gwillim EC, Nattkemper L, Yosipovitch G. Impact of itch on sleep disturbance in patients with prurigo nodularis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2021;101(3):adv00424.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1706_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3477","volume":"100","author":"F Sampogna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sampogna F, Abeni D, Gieler U, et al. Exploring the EQ-5D dimension of pain\/discomfort in dermatology outpatients from a multicentre study in 13 European countries. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(8):adv00120.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1706_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_324_17","volume":"9","author":"L Dhawan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhawan L, Singh SM, Avasthi A, Kumaran MS, Narang T. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with prurigo nodularis. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2018;9(5):318\u201321.","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"issue":"7","key":"1706_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14722","volume":"46","author":"P Aggarwal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aggarwal P, Choi J, Sutaria N, et al. Clinical characteristics and disease burden in prurigo nodularis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021;46(7):1277\u201384.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1706_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16929","volume":"35","author":"C Zeidler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeidler C, Pereira MP, Dugas M, et al. The burden in chronic prurigo: patients with chronic prurigo suffer more than patients with chronic pruritus on non-lesional skin: a comparative, retrospective, explorative statistical analysis of 4,484 patients in a real-world cohort. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV. 2021;35(3):738\u201343.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV"},{"issue":"2","key":"1706_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3726","volume":"101","author":"MP Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira MP, Zeidler C, Wallengren J, et al. Chronic nodular prurigo: a European cross-sectional study of patient perspectives on therapeutic goals and satisfaction. Acta Derm Venereol. 2021;101(2):adv00403.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1706_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.11.1053","volume":"54","author":"JF Fowler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fowler JF, Ghosh A, Sung J, et al. Impact of chronic hand dermatitis on quality of life, work productivity, activity impairment, and medical costs. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(3):448\u201357.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1706_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.446","volume":"134","author":"RJ Hay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, et al. The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. J Investig Dermatol. 2014;134(6):1527\u201334.","journal-title":"J Investig Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1706_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19561","volume":"184","author":"M Gon\u00e7alo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alo M, Gimen\u00e9z-Arnau A, Al-Ahmad M, et al. The global burden of chronic urticaria for the patient and society. Br J Dermatol. 2021;184(2):226\u201336.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1706_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-7310(06)73484-6","volume":"97","author":"E Vargas Laguna","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vargas Laguna E, Pe\u00f1a Payero ML, Vargas M\u00e1rquez A. Influencia de la ansiedad en diversas patolog\u00edas dermatol\u00f3gicas. Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr. 2006;97(10):637\u201343.","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr"},{"issue":"16","key":"1706_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3571","volume":"100","author":"S Gr\u00fcndel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcndel S, Pereira MP, Storck M, et al. Analysis of 325 patients with chronic nodular prurigo: clinics, burden of disease and course of treatment. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(16):adv00269.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1706_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.04.044","volume":"79","author":"S Steinke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steinke S, Zeidler C, Riepe C, et al. Humanistic burden of chronic pruritus in patients with inflammatory dermatoses: results of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Network on Assessment of Severity and Burden of Pruritus (PruNet) cross-sectional trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(3):457-63.e5.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1706_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754241227808","volume":"28","author":"D Taghaddos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taghaddos D, Savinova I, Abu-Hilal M. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of prurigo nodularis: a retrospective study. J Cutan Med Surg. 2024;28(2):141\u20135.","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"}],"container-title":["Dermatology and Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13555-026-01706-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13555-026-01706-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13555-026-01706-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T03:37:43Z","timestamp":1775101063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13555-026-01706-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13555-026-01706-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2193-8210","2190-9172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2193-8210","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-9172","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Pedro Herranz Pinto served as consultant, received honoraria for research and received speaker fees from Abbvie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Galderma, Leopharma, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, UCB pharma. Bibiana P\u00e9rez Garc\u00eda received honoraria for research from Galderma, Sanofi, Almirall, Amgen and Incyte; served as a consultant and received speaker fees from Galderma, Sanofi, Leo, Almirall and Abbvie, and received other financial benefits from Sanofi, Abbvie and Almirall. Victoria Bonne Moreno and Beky Norela Ortiz are employees of Galderma. H\u00e9ctor David De Paz Fern\u00e1ndez, and Luis Liz\u00e1n declared no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article is based exclusively on previously published studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}