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However, AFMSCs display heterogeneity due to source ambiguity, making them an underutilized stem cells source for translational clinical trials. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify a method to purify the AFMSCs for clinical use. We found that the AFMSCs can be categorized into three distinct groups: kidney-specific AFMSCs (AFMSCs-K), lung-specific AFMSCs (AFMSCs-L), and AFMSCs with an undefined tissue source (AFMSCs-X). This classification was based on tissue-specific gene expression pattern of single cell colony. Additionally, we observed that AFMSCs-X, a minority population within the AFMSCs, exhibited the highest multipotency, proliferation, resistance to senescence and immuno-modulation. Our results showed that AFMSCs-X significantly improved survival rates and reduced bacterial colony forming units (CFU) in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic mice. Therefore, our study introduces a novel classification method to enhance the consistency and efficacy of AFMSCs. These subpopulations, originating from different tissue source, may offer a valuable and innovative resource of cells for regenerative medicine purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-023-01008-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T09:02:11Z","timestamp":1702371731000},"page":"408-419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Tissue-specific populations from amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells manifest variant in vitro and in vivo properties"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Nengqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanshuai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9106-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1008_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2553","volume":"35","author":"SP Loukogeorgakis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loukogeorgakis SP, De Coppi P. 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All the participants signed the written informed consent forms for using the diagnostic sample for research in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}