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However, whether\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) can infect human hepatocytes and how such infection affects hepatocyte structure and function remain unclear. In this study, we used a three-dimensional (3D) bioartificial liver model reconstructed using radial-flow bioreactor technology to investigate the ability of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    to infect hepatocytes and to characterize the cellular responses induced by infection. Histological analysis and electron microscopy demonstrated that\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    adhered to the hepatocyte surface and penetrated intercellular spaces. Infection significantly induced a threefold increase in apoptosis, accompanied by upregulation of TNF-\u03b1 (1.5-fold) and activation of NF-\u03baB (1.6-fold) (all\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In addition, PCNA expression significantly decreased to approximately 60% of control levels (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), whereas Akt activation was enhanced and \u03b2-catenin was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. No significant differences were observed in Ki-67, IL-8, Ets-1, or c-Met expression compared with controls. These findings demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    can infect the 3D liver model and induce apoptosis and signaling alterations in hepatocytes, suggesting a potential pathological impact on the liver. Further studies are required to determine whether similar effects occur in the human liver in vivo.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-026-01411-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:38:14Z","timestamp":1782923894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A model of Helicobacter infection using an artificial liver constructed by a radial-flow bioreactor"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6975-6327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoko","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Maehashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomokazu","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1411_CR1","first-page":"81","volume":"67","author":"H Yamanaka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamanaka H. 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