{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:39:58Z","timestamp":1782149998601,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]],"date-time":"2012-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1329955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]],"date-time":"2012-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1329955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agron. Sustain. Dev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-012-0081-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,22]],"date-time":"2012-02-22T14:15:48Z","timestamp":1329920148000},"page":"81-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Agroforestry and biochar to offset climate change: a review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Ilan","family":"Stavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rattan","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"81_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.02.003","volume":"158","author":"L Beesley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Beesley L, Moreno-Jim\u00e9nez E, Gomez-Eyles JL (2010) Effects of biochar and greenwaste compost amendments on mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of inorganic and organic contaminants in a multi-element polluted soil. Environ Pollut 158:2282\u20132287. doi:10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.02.003","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"81_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2010.09.030","volume":"36","author":"MD Carvalho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carvalho MD, Bonifacio M, Dechamps P (2011) Building a low carbon society. Energy 36:1842\u20131847. doi:10.1016\/j.energy.2010.09.030","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"81_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1071\/SR07109","volume":"45","author":"KY Chan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S (2007) Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Aust J Soil Res 45:629\u2013634. doi:10.1071\/SR07109","journal-title":"Aust J Soil Res"},{"key":"81_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1071\/SR99079","volume":"38","author":"B Cockroft","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cockroft B, Olsson KA (2000) Degradation of soil structure due to coalescence of aggregates in no-till, no-traffic beds in irrigated crops. Aust J Soil Res 38:61\u201370","journal-title":"Aust J Soil Res"},{"key":"81_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2006)56[649:PFDPGC]2.0.CO;2","volume":"56","author":"TS Cox","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cox TS, Glover JD, Van Tassel DL, Cox CM, Dehaan LR (2006) Prospects for developing perennial grain crops. BioScience 56:649\u2013659","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"81_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.11.008","volume":"137","author":"SW Culman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Culman SW, DuPont ST, Glover JD, Buckley DH, Fick GW, Ferris H, Crews TE (2010) Long-term impacts of high-input annual cropping and unfertilized perennial grass production on soil properties and belowground food webs in Kansas, USA. Agr Ecosyst Environ 137:13\u201324. doi:10.1016\/j.agee.2009.11.008","journal-title":"Agr Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"81_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1081\/CSS-100104110","volume":"32","author":"SM Dabney","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dabney SM, Delgado JA, Reeves DW (2001) Using winter cover crops to improve soil and water quality. Commun Soil Sci Plan 32:1221\u20131250. doi:10.1081\/CSS-100104110","journal-title":"Commun Soil Sci Plan"},{"key":"81_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-010-0366-4","volume":"213","author":"Y Ding","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ding Y, Liu YX, Wu WX, Shi DZ, Yang M, Zhong ZK (2010) Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching in multi-layered soil columns. Water Air Soil Pollut 213:47\u201355. doi:10.1007\/s11270-010-0366-4","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"81_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.12.021","volume":"137","author":"ST DuPont","year":"2010","unstructured":"DuPont ST, Culman SW, Ferris H, Buckley DH, Glover JD (2010) No-tillage conversion of harvested perennial grassland to annual cropland reduces root biomass, decreases active carbon stocks, and impacts soil biota. Agr Ecosyst Environ 137:25\u201332. doi:10.1016\/j.agee.2009.12.021","journal-title":"Agr Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"81_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2009.08.001","volume":"105","author":"O Ernst","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ernst O, Siri-Prieto G (2009) Impact of perennial pasture and tillage systems on carbon input and soil quality indicators. Soil Tillage Res 105:260\u2013268. doi:10.1016\/j.still.2009.08.001","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"key":"81_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-010-9307-x","volume":"79","author":"S Fang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fang S, Li H, Sun O, Chen L (2010) Biomass production and carbon stocks in poplar-crop intercropping systems: a case study in northwestern Jiangsu, China. Agroforest Syst 79:213\u2013222. doi:10.1007\/s10457-010-9307-x","journal-title":"Agroforest Syst"},{"key":"81_CR12","unstructured":"FAO (1987) Simple technologies for charcoal making. http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/x5328e\/x5328e00.htm"},{"key":"81_CR13","unstructured":"Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. Public Law 107\u2013171\u2014May 13, 2002. http:\/\/www.fas.usda.gov\/excredits\/FoodAid\/Farm_Bill_2002.pdf"},{"key":"81_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005569915357","volume":"46","author":"PM Fearnside","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fearnside PM (2000) Global warming and tropical land-use change: greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning, decomposition and soils in forest conversion, shifting cultivation and secondary vegetation. Clim Chang 46:115\u2013158. doi:10.1023\/A:1005569915357","journal-title":"Clim Chang"},{"key":"81_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-011-0773-3","volume":"345","author":"B Foereid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Foereid B, Lehmann J, Major J (2011) Modeling black carbon degradation and movement in soil. Plant Soil 345:223\u2013236. doi:10.1007\/s11104-011-0773-3","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"81_CR16","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"P Forster","year":"2007","unstructured":"Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, Berntsen T, Betts R, Fahey DW, Haywood J, Lean J, Lowe DC, Myhre G, Nganga J, Prinn R, Raga G, Schulz M, Van Dorland R (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 129\u2013234"},{"key":"81_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-010-0070-7","volume":"2","author":"DP Garrity","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garrity DP, Akinnifesi FK, Ajayi OC, Weldesemayat SG, Mowo JG, Kalinganire A, Larwanou M, Bayala J (2010) Evergreen agriculture: a robust approach to sustainable food security in Africa. Food Sec 2:197\u2013214. doi:10.1007\/s12571-010-0070-7","journal-title":"Food Sec"},{"key":"81_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.25409","volume":"51","author":"JW Gaskin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gaskin JW, Steiner C, Harris K, Das KC, Bibens B (2008) Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use. T ASABE 51:2061\u20132069","journal-title":"T ASABE"},{"key":"81_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2009.06.017","volume":"114","author":"KE Giller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Giller KE, Witter E, Corbeels M, Tittonell P (2009) Conservation agriculture and smallholder farming in Africa: the heretics\u2019 view. Field Crop Res 114:23\u201334. doi:10.1016\/j.fcr.2009.06.017","journal-title":"Field Crop Res"},{"key":"81_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-002-0466-4","volume":"35","author":"B Glaser","year":"2002","unstructured":"Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W (2002) Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal\u2014a review. Biol Fert Soils 35:219\u2013230. doi:10.1007\/s00374-002-0466-4","journal-title":"Biol Fert Soils"},{"key":"81_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0807-82","volume":"297","author":"JD Glover","year":"2007","unstructured":"Glover JD, Cox CM, Reganold JP (2007) Future farming: a return to roots? Sci Am 297:82\u201389","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"81_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188761","volume":"328","author":"JD Glover","year":"2010","unstructured":"Glover JD, Reganold JP, Bell LW, Borevitz J, Brummer EC, Buckler ES, Cox CM, Cox TS, Crews TE, Culman SW, DeHaan LR, Eriksson D, Gill BS, Holland J, Hu F, Hulke BS, Ibrahim AMH, Jackson W, Jones SS, Murray SC, Paterson AH, Ploschuk E, Sacks EJ, Snapp S, Tao D, Van Tassel DL, Wade LJ, Wyse DL, Xu Y (2010) Increased food and ecosystem security via perennial grains. Science 328:1638\u20131639. doi:10.1126\/science.1188761","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"81_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2007.03.006","volume":"37","author":"B Govaerts","year":"2007","unstructured":"Govaerts B, Mezzalama M, Unno Y, Sayre KD, Luna-Guido M, Vanherck K, Dendooven L, Deckers J (2007) Influence of tillage, residue management, and crop rotation on soil microbial biomass and catabolic diversity. Appl Soil Ecol 37:18\u201330. doi:10.1016\/j.apsoil.2007.03.006","journal-title":"Appl Soil Ecol"},{"key":"81_CR24","unstructured":"Governor\u2019s Agricultural Best Practices Committee (2008) Guide to agricultural PM10 best management practices\u2014agriculture improving air quality. Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, Phoenix"},{"key":"81_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.162.3859.1243","volume":"162","author":"G Hardin","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hardin G (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162:1243\u20131248","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"81_CR26","volume-title":"Precision agriculture and environmental quality: challenges for research and education","author":"JA Hatfield","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hatfield JA (2000) Precision agriculture and environmental quality: challenges for research and education. USDA-NRCS, Iowa"},{"key":"81_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2008.09.006","volume":"129","author":"M Henry","year":"2009","unstructured":"Henry M, Tittonell P, Manlay RJ, Bernoux M, Albrecht A, Vanlauwe B (2009) Biodiversity, carbon stocks and sequestration potential in aboveground biomass in smallholder farming systems of western Kenya. Agr Ecosyst Environ 129:238\u2013252. doi:10.1016\/j.agee.2008.09.006","journal-title":"Agr Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"81_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2169","volume":"363","author":"PR Hobbs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hobbs PR, Sayre K, Gupta R (2008) The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Philos T Roy Soc 363:543\u2013555. doi:10.1098\/rstb.2007.2169","journal-title":"Philos T Roy Soc"},{"key":"81_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0708-70","volume":"299","author":"DR Huggins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Huggins DR, Reganold JP (2008) No-till: the quiet revolution. Sci Am 299:70\u201377. doi:10.1038\/scientificamerican0708-70","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"81_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.03.030","volume":"142","author":"JJ Hutchinson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hutchinson JJ, Campbell CA, Desjardins RL (2007) Some perspectives on carbon sequestration in agriculture. Agr Forest Meteorol 142:288\u2013302. doi:10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.03.030","journal-title":"Agr Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"81_CR31","unstructured":"IPCC (1995) Climate change. Second assessment report. IPCC, Geneva"},{"key":"81_CR32","unstructured":"IPCC (2007) Climate change: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Fourth assessment report. IPCC, Geneva"},{"key":"81_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ss.0000209362.47698.96","volume":"171","author":"MK Jarecki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jarecki MK, Lal R (2006) Compost and mulch effects on gaseous flux from an alfisol in Ohio. Soil Sci 171:249\u2013260","journal-title":"Soil Sci"},{"key":"81_CR34","volume-title":"World agroforestry into the future","author":"ST Kandji","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kandji ST, Verchot LV, Boye A, van Noordwijk M, Tomich TP, Ong C, Palm C (2006) Opportunities for linking climate change adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry systems. In: Garrity D, Okono A, Grayson M, Parrott S (eds) World agroforestry into the future. World Agroforestry Center, Nairobi"},{"key":"81_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr175","volume":"108","author":"DB Kell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kell DB (2011) Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration. Ann Bot 108:407\u2013418. doi:10.1093\/aob\/mcr175","journal-title":"Ann Bot"},{"key":"81_CR36","unstructured":"Kelpie W (2011) IBI Developing country biochar systems survey: methodology and results. International Biochar Initiatives"},{"key":"81_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2010.03.009","volume":"157","author":"I K\u00f6gel-Knabner","year":"2010","unstructured":"K\u00f6gel-Knabner I, Amelung W, Cao Z, Fiedler S, Frenzel P, Jahn R, Kalbitz K, K\u00f6lbl A, Schloter M (2010) Biogeochemistry of paddy soils. Geoderma 157:1\u201314. doi:10.1016\/j.geoderma.2010.03.009","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"81_CR38","unstructured":"Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention to climate change (1998) United Nations, New York"},{"key":"81_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.169","volume":"3","author":"DA Laird","year":"2009","unstructured":"Laird DA, Brown RC, Amonette JE, Lehmann J (2009) Review of the pyrolysis platform for coproducing bio-oil and biochar. Biofuels, Bioprod Biorefin 3:547\u2013562. doi:10.1002\/bbb.169","journal-title":"Biofuels, Bioprod Biorefin"},{"key":"81_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2010.05.012","volume":"158","author":"D Laird","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laird D, Fleming P, Wang B, Horton R, Karlen D (2010a) Biochar impact on nutrient leaching from a Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma 158:436\u2013442. doi:10.1016\/j.geoderma.2010.05.012","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"81_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2010.05.013","volume":"158","author":"DA Laird","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laird DA, Fleming P, Davis DD, Horton R, Wang B, Karlen DL (2010b) Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma 158:443\u2013449. doi:10.1016\/j.geoderma.2010.05.013","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"81_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(01)00211-1","volume":"116","author":"R Lal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lal R (2002) Soil carbon dynamics in cropland and rangeland. Environ Pollut 116:353\u2013362. doi:10.1016\/S0269-7491(01)00211-1","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"81_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097396","volume":"304","author":"R Lal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lal R (2004) Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 304:1623\u20131627. doi:10.1126\/science.1097396","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"81_CR44","unstructured":"Lal R (2007) Tragedy of the global commons: soil, water and air. CSA News V52 N10, 10\u201311."},{"key":"81_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1126\/science.326.5958.1345-c","volume":"326","author":"R Lal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lal R, Pimentel D (2009) Biofuels: beware crop residues. Science 326:1345\u20131346. doi:10.1126\/science.326.5958.1345-c","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"81_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1097\/ss.0b013e31815cc498","volume":"172","author":"R Lal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lal R, Follett RF, Stewart BA, Kimble JM (2007) Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change and advance food security. Soil Sci 172:943\u2013956. doi:10.1097\/ss.0b013e31815cc498","journal-title":"Soil Sci"},{"key":"81_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1039\/c004561f","volume":"3","author":"JW Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee JW, Hawkins B, Day DM, Reicosky DC (2010) Sustainability: the capacity of smokeless biomass pyrolysis for energy production, global carbon capture and sequestration. Energy Environ Sci 3:1695\u20131705. doi:10.1039\/C004561F","journal-title":"Energy Environ Sci"},{"key":"81_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/447143a","volume":"447","author":"J Lehmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lehmann J (2007a) A handful of carbon. Nature 447:143\u2013144. doi:10.1038\/447143a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"81_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2007)5[381:BITB]2.0.CO;2","volume":"5","author":"J Lehmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lehmann J (2007b) Bio-energy in the black. Frontiers Ecol Environ 5:381\u2013387. doi:10.1890\/1540-9295(2007)5[381:BITB]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Frontiers Ecol Environ"},{"key":"81_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-005-9006-5","volume":"11","author":"J Lehmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lehmann J, Gaunt J, Rondon M (2006) Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems\u2014a review. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 11:403\u2013427. doi:10.1007\/s11027-005-9006-5","journal-title":"Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change"},{"key":"81_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2005.0383","volume":"70","author":"B Liang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, Kinyangi J, Grossman J, O\u2019Neill B, Skjemstad JO, Thies J, Luiz\u00e3o FJ, Petersen J, Neves EG (2006) Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:1719\u20131730. doi:10.2136\/sssaj2005.0383","journal-title":"Soil Sci Soc Am J"},{"key":"81_CR52","first-page":"227","volume":"99","author":"DK Mandal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mandal DK, Mandal C, Raja P, Goswami SN (2010) Identification of suitable areas for aerobic rice cultivation in the humid tropics of eastern India. Curr Sci India 99:227\u2013231","journal-title":"Curr Sci India"},{"key":"81_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/442624a","volume":"442","author":"E Marris","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marris E (2006) Black is the new green. Nature 442:624\u2013626. doi:10.1038\/442624a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"81_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024622220962","volume":"19","author":"FAB Meyerson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meyerson FAB (1998) Population, development and global warming: averting the tragedy of the climate commons. Popul Environ 19:443\u2013463","journal-title":"Popul Environ"},{"key":"81_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2009.01.010","volume":"12","author":"PKR Nair","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nair PKR, Nair VD, Kumar BM, Haile SG (2009) Soil carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems: a feasibility appraisal. Environ Sci Policy 12:1099\u20131111. doi:10.1016\/j.envsci.2009.01.010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"key":"81_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(10)08005-3","volume":"108","author":"PKR Nair","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nair PKR, Nair VD, Kumar BM, Showalter JM (2010) Carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems. Adv Agron 108:237\u2013307. doi:10.1016\/S0065-2113(10)08005-3","journal-title":"Adv Agron"},{"key":"81_CR57","unstructured":"New Hampshire Department of Agriculture Markets and Food (2002) Manual of best management practices (BMPS) for agriculture in New Hampshire"},{"key":"81_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2004.04.001","volume":"104","author":"M Oelbermann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oelbermann M, Voroney RP, Gordon AM (2004) Carbon sequestration in tropical and temperate agroforestry systems: a review with examples from Costa Rica and southern Canada. Agr Ecosyst Environ 104:359\u2013377. doi:10.1016\/j.agee.2004.04.001","journal-title":"Agr Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"81_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-008-9231-x","volume":"84","author":"C Perdomo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perdomo C, Irisarri P, Ernest O (2009) Nitrous oxide emission from an Uruguayan argiudoll under different tillage and rotation treatments. Nutr Cycling Agroecosyst 84:119\u2013128. doi:10.1007\/s10705-008-9231-x","journal-title":"Nutr Cycling Agroecosyst"},{"key":"81_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(08)60513-1","volume":"67","author":"FJ Pierce","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pierce FJ, Nowak P (1999) Aspects of precision agriculture. Adv Agron 67:1\u201385. doi:10.1016\/S0065-2113(08)60513-1","journal-title":"Adv Agron"},{"key":"81_CR61","first-page":"224","volume":"53","author":"DC Reicosky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reicosky DC, Forcella F (1998) Cover crop and soil quality interactions in agroecosystems. J Soil Water Conserv 53:224\u2013229","journal-title":"J Soil Water Conserv"},{"key":"81_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1021\/es902266r","volume":"44","author":"KG Roberts","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roberts KG, Gloy BA, Joseph S, Scott NR, Lehmann J (2010) Life cycle assessment of biochar systems: estimating the energetic, economic, and climate change potential. Environ Sci Technol 44:827\u2013833. doi:10.1021\/es902266r","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"81_CR63","unstructured":"Rogovska N, Fleming P, Laird D, Cruse R, Parkin T (2009) Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions from biochar amended soils. In: Proceedings of the North American Biochar Conference. Boulder"},{"key":"81_CR64","unstructured":"Rondon M, Ramirez J, Lehmann J (2005) Charcoal additions reduce net emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. In: Proceedings of the 3rd USDA Symposium on Greenhouse Gases and Carbon Sequestration. Baltimore"},{"key":"81_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2004.1132","volume":"44","author":"MA Sanderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sanderson MA, Skinner RH, Barker DJ, Edwards GR, Tracy BF, Wedin DA (2004) Plant species diversity and management of temperate forage and grazing land ecosystems. Crop Sci 44:1132\u20131144","journal-title":"Crop Sci"},{"key":"81_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-008-9123-8","volume":"75","author":"MM Schoeneberger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schoeneberger MM (2009) Agroforestry: working trees for sequestering carbon on agricultural lands. Agroforest Syst 75:27\u201337. doi:10.1007\/s10457-008-9123-8","journal-title":"Agroforest Syst"},{"key":"81_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2011.04.002","volume":"98","author":"GW Sileshi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sileshi GW, Akinnifesi FK, Ajayi OC, Muys B (2011) Integration of legume trees in maize-based cropping systems improves rain use efficiency and yield stability under rain-fed agriculture. Agr Water Manage 98:1364\u20131372. doi:10.1016\/j.agwat.2011.04.002","journal-title":"Agr Water Manage"},{"key":"81_CR68","unstructured":"Skole DL, Thongmanivong S, Butthep C, Lan DX (2009) Developing small holder agroforestry carbon offset protocols for carbon financial markets \u2013twinning sustainable livelihoods and climate mitigation. Final report for APN Project. Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research"},{"key":"81_CR69","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Biochar for environmental management","author":"RJ Smernik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smernik RJ (2009) Biochar and sorption of organic compounds. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management. Earthscan, Washington, pp 289\u2013293"},{"key":"81_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1351-0754.2003.0567.x","volume":"54","author":"KA Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith KA, Ball T, Conen F, Dobbie KE, Massheder J, Rey A (2003) Exchange of greenhouse gases between soil and atmosphere: interactions of soil physical factors and biological processes. Eur J Soil Sci 54:779\u2013791. doi:10.1046\/j.1365-2389.2003.00567.x","journal-title":"Eur J Soil Sci"},{"key":"81_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2184","volume":"363","author":"P Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith P, Martin M, Cai Z, Gwary D, Janzen H, Kumar P, McCarl B, Ogle S, O\u2019Mara F, Rice C, Scholes B, Sirotenko O, Howden M, McAllister T, Pan P, Romanenkov V, Schneider U, Towprayoon S, Wattenbach M, Smith J (2008) Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philos T Roy Soc 363:789\u2013813. doi:10.1098\/rstb.2007.2184","journal-title":"Philos T Roy Soc"},{"key":"81_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20840","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007199107","volume":"107","author":"SS Snapp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Snapp SS, Blackie MJ, Gilbert RA, Bezner-Kerr R, Kanyama-Phiri GY (2010) Biodiversity can support a greener revolution in Africa. PNAS 107:20840\u201320845. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1007199107","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"81_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-009-9247-5","volume":"78","author":"L Soto-Pinto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soto-Pinto L, Anzueto M, Mendoza J, Ferrer GJ, de Jong B (2010) Carbon sequestration through agroforestry in indigenous communities of Chiapas, Mexico. Agroforest Syst 78:39\u201351. doi:10.1007\/s10457-009-9247-5","journal-title":"Agroforest Syst"},{"key":"81_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stavi I, Lal R (2010) Challenges and opportunities of soil organic carbon sequestration in croplands. In: Lichtfouse E (ed) Sustainable agriculture reviews, vol 5. Biodiversity, biofuels, agroforestry and conservation agriculture. Springer, Berlin, pp. 149\u2013174. doi:10.1007\/978-90-481-9513-8_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9513-8_5"},{"key":"81_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.09.006","volume":"125","author":"I Stavi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stavi I, Lal R (2011) Variability of soil physical quality in uneroded, eroded, and depositional cropland sites. Geomorphology 125:85\u201391. doi:10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.09.006","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"81_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-011-0006-4","volume":"31","author":"I Stavi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stavi I, Lal R, Owens LB (2011) On-farm effects of no-till versus occasional tillage on soil quality and crop yields in eastern Ohio. Agron Sustain Dev 31:475\u2013482. doi:10.1007\/s13593-011-0006-4","journal-title":"Agron Sustain Dev"},{"key":"81_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177970","volume":"325","author":"D Tilman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tilman D, Socolow R, Foley JA, Hill J, Larson E, Lynd L, Pacala S, Reilly J, Searchinger T, Somerville C, Williams R (2009) Beneficial biofuels\u2014the food, energy, and environment Trilemma. Science 325:270\u2013271. doi:10.1126\/science.1177970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"81_CR78","unstructured":"UNFCCC (2003) Modalities and procedures for afforestation and reforestation project activities under the clean development mechanism in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. 19CP9\/FCCC\/CP\/2003\/6\/Add2. Bonn"},{"key":"81_CR79","first-page":"200","volume":"53","author":"PW Unger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Unger PW, Vigil MF (1998) Crop cover effects on soil water relationships. J Soil Water Conserv 53:200\u2013206","journal-title":"J Soil Water Conserv"},{"key":"81_CR80","volume-title":"Inside agroforestry. Incentives for agroforestry. 2002 Farm Bill","author":"USDA","year":"2002","unstructured":"USDA (2002) Inside agroforestry. Incentives for agroforestry. 2002 Farm Bill. National Agroforestry Center, Lincoln"},{"key":"81_CR81","unstructured":"USDA-NRCS (2002) Alley cropping\u2014practical introduction. US Department of Agriculture\u2014Natural Resources Conservation Service, Practice Code 311"},{"key":"81_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2008.11.008","volume":"104","author":"DAN Ussiri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ussiri DAN, Lal R (2009) Long-term tillage effects on soil carbon storage and carbon dioxide emissions in continuous corn cropping system from an alfisol in Ohio. Soil Tillage Res 104:39\u201347. doi:10.1016\/j.still.2008.11.008","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"key":"81_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2009.03.001","volume":"104","author":"DAN Ussiri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ussiri DAN, Lal R, Jarecki MK (2009) Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from long-term tillage under a continuous corn cropping system in Ohio. Soil Tillage Res 104:247\u2013255. doi:10.1016\/j.still.2009.03.001","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res"},{"key":"81_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-0680-3-3","volume":"3","author":"JG van Minnen","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Minnen JG, Strengers BJ, Eickhout B, Swart RJ, Leemans R (2008) Quantifying the effectiveness of climate change mitigation through forest plantations and carbon sequestration with an integrated land-use model. Carbon Balance Manage 3:3. doi:10.1186\/1750-0680-3-3","journal-title":"Carbon Balance Manage"},{"key":"81_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2006.0149","volume":"99","author":"JA Vetsch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vetsch JA, Randall GW, Lamb JA (2007) Corn and soybean production as affected by tillage systems. Agron J 99:952\u2013959. doi:10.2134\/agronj2006.0149","journal-title":"Agron J"},{"key":"81_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2010.06.007","volume":"138","author":"ASI Wade","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wade ASI, Asase A, Hadley P, Mason J, Ofori-Frimpong K, Preece D, Spring N, Norris K (2010) Management strategies for maximizing carbon storage and tree species diversity in cocoa-growing landscapes. Agr Ecosyst Environ 138:324\u2013334. doi:10.1016\/j.agee.2010.06.007","journal-title":"Agr Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"81_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2009.07.013","volume":"12","author":"T Whitman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Whitman T, Lehmann J (2009) Biochar\u2014one way forward for soil carbon in offset mechanisms in Africa? Environ Sci Policy 12:1024\u20131027. doi:10.1016\/j.envsci.2009.07.013","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"key":"81_CR88","volume-title":"Greenhouse gas bulletin 2006: atmospheric carbon dioxide levels highest on record","author":"WMO","year":"2007","unstructured":"WMO (2007a) Greenhouse gas bulletin 2006: atmospheric carbon dioxide levels highest on record. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"81_CR89","volume-title":"Greenhouse gas bulletin 2006: the state of Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere using global observation through 2006","author":"WMO","year":"2007","unstructured":"WMO (2007b) Greenhouse gas bulletin 2006: the state of Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere using global observation through 2006. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"81_CR90","volume-title":"Greenhouse gas bulletin: the state of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on global observations through 2009","author":"WMO","year":"2010","unstructured":"WMO (2010) Greenhouse gas bulletin: the state of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on global observations through 2009. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"81_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0765.2007.00123.x","volume":"53","author":"Y Yanai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yanai Y, Toyota K, Okazaki M (2007) Effects of charcoal addition on N2O emissions from soil resulting from rewetting air-dried soil in short-term laboratory experiments. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 53:181\u2013188. doi:10.1111\/j.1747-0765.2007.00123.x","journal-title":"Soil Sci Plant Nutr"},{"key":"81_CR92","unstructured":"Zhang B, Wang XX, Wang MZ (2008) Fertilizer nitrogen recovery from different soil depths in an alley cropping system consisting of peanut (Archis hypogaea) and Choerospondias axillaries in subtropical China. In: IAEA (TECDOC-1606) Management of Agroforestry Systems for Enhancing Resource use Efficiency and Crop Productivity, Vienna, pp. 167\u2013174"},{"key":"81_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zomer RJ, Trabucco A, Coe R, Place F (2009) Trees on farm: analysis of global extent and geographical patterns of agroforestry. ICRAF Working Paper No. 89. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi","DOI":"10.5716\/WP16263.PDF"}],"container-title":["Agronomy for Sustainable Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13593-012-0081-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13593-012-0081-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/index\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13593-012-0081-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13593-012-0081-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T18:13:53Z","timestamp":1630520033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13593-012-0081-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["81"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13593-012-0081-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1774-0746","1773-0155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1774-0746","type":"print"},{"value":"1773-0155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2012","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2012","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}