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Despite being isomers, CARV and THY exhibited distinct synergistic effects and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values depending on the antibiotic and bacterial species. The SACs significantly reduced the required antibiotic dose by 4- to 16-fold, with FICI values ranging from 0.25 to 0.5. Growth kinetics revealed that SACs completely inhibited planktonic bacterial growth, outperforming antibiotics alone. Additionally, the SACs demonstrated efficacy in both inhibiting and eradicating biofilms of\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Resistance development studies highlighted that neither THY nor CARV induced resistance in these pathogens. Moreover, SACs combining aminoglycosides with THY reduced the emergence of resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    by up to 32-fold. In\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , THY mitigated gentamicin resistance by 16-fold. CARV exhibited similar, albeit slightly less potent, effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Mechanistic investigations revealed that THY and CARV exert antimicrobial action by multiple mechanisms, including bacterial membrane depolarization and disruption, efflux pump inhibition, disrupting ATP metabolism and mitigating oxidative stress induced by antibiotics. These findings highlight the potential of SACs to enhance antibiotic efficacy while preventing resistance, positioning them as strong candidates for innovative antimicrobial therapies against multidrug-resistant pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-025-00518-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T04:19:43Z","timestamp":1749183583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Mechanisms of action and resistance prevention of synergistic thymol and carvacrol combinations with antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Langa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Van Bambeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Ballestero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3186-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Rosa","family":"Pino-Ot\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"518_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.46013","author":"J Chavada","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chavada J, Muneshwar K, Ghulaxe Y, Wani M, Sarda P, Huse S. 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