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Structurally, peniexpansones A\u2013D feature a highly oxygenated tetrahydronaphthalene moiety linked to an acyl chain. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D\/2D NMR and HRESIMS) and further supported by quantum chemical calculations. Peniexpansone C showed weak cytotoxicity against HCT116 cells (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    22.81\u2009\u00b1\u20090.42\u00a0\u03bcM) and moderate antimicrobial activity against pathogens including\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Moreover, peniexpansones A and B, can significantly improve the anti-fungal activity of fluconazole against resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results provided new structures for the future development of efficiency enhancement agents for anti-fungal drugs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-026-00592-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:01:15Z","timestamp":1772496075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Peniexpansones A\u2013F: polyketides from Penicillium expansum DWS880 capable of enhancing the activity of fluconazole against Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wen-Yu","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing-Hui","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai-Lin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng-Ju","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Xuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"592_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md22050191","volume":"22","author":"F Lv","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lv F, Zeng Y. 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