{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:36:13Z","timestamp":1793316973509,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Nutr Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The environmental presence of excess nitrogen poses a significant threat to biodiversity, human health, and climate stability. Conversely, nitrogen deficiency can hinder our ability to sustainably provide sufficient food for the global population. The impact of nitrates and nitrites on human health is intricately tied to their concentrations in water and food sources. The aim of the following article was to summarize the data on the effects of nitrates on health, with particular emphasis on their effect on the thyroid gland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current scientific findings indicate that these compounds can have dual effects, both beneficial and harmful, on health. Dietary nitrates are naturally abundant in fruits and vegetables or can be introduced as additives, notably in processed and cured meats. Nitrate supplementation has shown promise in enhancing physical performance, influencing gut microbiota composition, and increasing short-chain fatty acid production. Studies suggest that nitrate consumption can effectively reduce inflammation and counter the deleterious effects of oxidative stress in the body. However, the addition of nitrites as preservatives may lead to the formation of nitrosamines, known carcinogens that detrimentally impact cardiovascular and metabolic functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excessive nitrite intake from animal sources has been linked to an increased risk of thyroid cancer, particularly among women. Nevertheless, a moderate intake of naturally occurring nitrates from food sources demonstrates potential benefits such as blood pressure regulation, improved vascular endothelial function, and enhanced tissue insulin sensitivity. These positive effects might mitigate risk factors associated with developing complications in thyroid disease and warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-025-00678-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T04:09:51Z","timestamp":1751256591000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Nitrate and Nitrite in the Diet: Protective and Harmful Effects in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aneta","family":"Sokal-Dembowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Jarmakiewicz-Czaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Tabarkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"678_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stein LY, Klotz MG. The nitrogen cycle. Curr Biol. 2016;26(3):R94-R98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub2015.12.021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub2015.12.021"},{"key":"678_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.09.448","volume":"46","author":"WM Stewart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stewart WM, Roberts TL. Food security and the role of fertilizer in supporting it. Procedia Eng. 2012;46:76\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.09.448.","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"678_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kakaei H, Nourmoradi H, Bakhtiyari S, Jalilian M, Mirzaei A. Effect of COVID-19 on food security, hunger, and food crisis. COVID-19 and the Sustainable Development Goals. 2022;3\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-323-91307-2.00005-5","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91307-2.00005-5"},{"key":"678_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/12-07-2023-122-million-more-people-pushed-into-hunger-since-2019-due-to-multiple-crises--reveals-un-report \/ (accessed on 1 March January 2024)."},{"key":"678_CR5","unstructured":"United Nations. (2018) Sustainable development goals. https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals Accessed on 23 January 2024."},{"key":"678_CR6","unstructured":"Directive 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23. October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2000\/60\/oj (accessed on 20 February January 2023)."},{"key":"678_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karwowska M, Kononiuk A. Nitrates\/Nitrites in food-risk for nitrosative stress and benefits. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(3):241. Published 2020 Mar 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9030241","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030241"},{"key":"678_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chazelas E, Pierre F, Druesne-Pecollo N, Esseddik Y, Szabo de Edelenyi F, Agaesse C, De Sa A, Lutchia R, Gigandet S, Srour B, Debras C, Huybrechts I, Julia C, Kesse-Guyot E, All\u00e8s B, Galan P, Hercberg S, Deschasaux-Tanguy M, Touvier M. Nitrites and nitrates from food additives and natural sources and cancer risk: results from the NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2022;51(4):1106\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyac046. This article describes the relationship between nitrate and nitrite intakes and cancer risk in a large prospective cohort (101,056 adults included) with detailed dietary assessment. The results of the analysis provide new insights into the ban on these additives in the food industry.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac046"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14164","DOI":"10.5812\/jhealthscope.14164","volume":"6","author":"M Parvizishad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parvizishad M, Dalvand A, Mahvi AH, Goodarzi FA. Review of adverse effects and benefits of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water and food on human health. Health Scope. 2017;6(3):e14164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/jhealthscope.14164.","journal-title":"Health Scope"},{"issue":"1621","key":"678_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130164","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0164","volume":"7","author":"D Fowler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fowler D, Coyle M, Skiba U, Sutton MA, Cape JN, Reis S, Sheppard LJ, Jenkins A, Grizzetti B, Galloway JN, Vitousek P, Leach A, Bouwman AF, Butterbach-Bahl K, Dentener F, Stevenson D, Amann M, Voss M. The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2013;7(1621):20130164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2013.0164.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"678_CR11","unstructured":"Bryan NS. Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Health and Disease. Humana Press. Boston, MA, USA. 2018, ISBN-13: \u200e 978-3319834634."},{"key":"678_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.3390\/su13042400","volume":"13","author":"K Mahmud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmud K, Panday D, Mergoum A, Missaoui A. Nitrogen losses and potential mitigation strategies for a sustainable agroecosystem. Sustainability. 2021;13:2400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13042400.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"678_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139113","volume":"20","author":"CO Dimkpa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dimkpa CO, Fugice J, Singh U, Lewis TD. Development of fertilizers for enhanced nitrogen use efficiency - Trends and perspectives. Sci Total Environ. 2020;20(731)139113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139113. Epub 2020 May 5.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"678_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stevens C. Nitrogen in the environment. Science. 2019, 8;363(6427):578\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aav8215","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav8215"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"678_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.055","volume":"252","author":"W Xiong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiong W, Ni P, Chen Y, Gao Y, Li S, Zhan A. Biological consequences of environmental pollution in running water ecosystems: A case study in zooplankton. Environ Pollut. 2019;252(Pt B):1483\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.06.055.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"8","key":"678_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s1066","volume":"20","author":"O Mititelu-Ionu\u0219","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mititelu-Ionu\u0219 O, Simulescu D, Popescu SM. Environmental assessment of agricultural activities and groundwater nitrate pollution susceptibility: a regional case study (Southwestern Romania). Environ Monit Assess. 2019;20(8):501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s1066.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"678_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00fcrling., van Oosterhout F, Faassen E. Eutrophication and warming boost cyanobacterial biomass and microcystins. Toxins (Basel). 2017, 11;9(2):64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins9020064","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020064"},{"key":"678_CR18","unstructured":"EUR-Lex. (1991) Council Directive 91\/676\/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=celex%3A31991L0676. Accessed on 29 February 2023."},{"key":"678_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.24425\/jwld.2023.145347","volume":"57","author":"A Kwartnik-Pruc","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kwartnik-Pruc A, M\u0105czy\u0144ska A. Methodology of assessing quality of Spatial data describing course of shoreline as tool supporting water resource management process. J Water Land Dev. 2023;57:167\u201380.","journal-title":"J Water Land Dev"},{"key":"678_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105577","volume":"43","author":"T Kabelitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kabelitz T, Ammon C, Funk R, M\u00fcnch S, Biniasch O, N\u00fcbel U, Thiel N, R\u00f6sler U, Siller P, Amon B, Aarnink AJA, Amon T. Functional relationship of particulate matter (PM) emissions, animal species, and moisture content during manure application. Environ Int. 2020;43:105577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105577.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"678_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146652","volume":"1","author":"T Kabelitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kabelitz T, Biniasch O, Ammon C, N\u00fcbel U, Thiel N, Janke D, Swaminathan S, Funk R, M\u00fcnch S, R\u00f6sler U, Siller P, Amon B, Aarnink AJA, Amon T. Particulate matter emissions during field application of poultry manure - The influence of moisture content and treatment. Sci Total Environ. 2021;1:780:146652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146652.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"678_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000485971","volume":"7","author":"VM Drozd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drozd VM, Branovan I, Shiglik N, Biko J, Reiners C. Thyroid Cancer induction: nitrates as independent risk factors or risk modulators after radiation exposure, with a focus on the Chernobyl accident. Eur Thyroid J. 2018;7(2):67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000485971.","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"8","key":"678_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.06.001","volume":"35","author":"NS Bryan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bryan NS, Ivy JL. Inorganic nitrite and nitrate: evidence to support consideration as dietary nutrients. Nutr Res. 2015;35(8):643\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.06.001.","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"678_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.025","volume":"161","author":"M Carlstr\u00f6m","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carlstr\u00f6m M, Moretti CH, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO. Microbiota, diet and the generation of reactive nitrogen compounds. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020;161:321\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.025.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"678_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291x(89)92325-5","volume":"163","author":"C Leaf","year":"1989","unstructured":"Leaf C, Wishnok J, Tannenbaum S. L-arginine is a precursor for nitrate biosynthesis in humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989;163(2):1032\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-291x(89)92325-5.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"16","key":"678_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.010","volume":"185","author":"JO Lundberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. Nitric oxide signaling in health and disease. Cell. 2022;185(16):2853\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.010.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"678_CR27","unstructured":"EUR-Lex. (2020) (Directive (EU) 2020\/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption (recast) (Text with EEA relevance). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2020\/2184\/oj Accessed on 20 February."},{"key":"#cr-split#-678_CR28.1","unstructured":"EUR-Lex. (2006)Commission regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-678_CR28.2","unstructured":"(EC) 1881\/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs (Text with EEA relevance). https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=celex%3A32006R1881. Accessed on 20 February."},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04786","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4786","volume":"15","author":"A Mortensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS), Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos M, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambr\u00e9 C, Leblanc JC, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Oskarsson A, Parent-Massin D, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, van den Wright M, Fortes C, Merino L, Toldr\u00e0 F, Arcella D, Christodoulidou A, Cortinas Abrahantes J, Barrucci F, Garcia A, Pizzo F, Battacchi D, Younes M. Re-evaluation of potassium nitrite (E 249) and sodium nitrite (E 250) as food additives. EFSA J. 2017;15(6):e04786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4786.","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"issue":"29","key":"678_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8074","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b01826","volume":"24","author":"N Rivera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rivera N, Bunning M, Martin J. Uncured-Labeled meat products produced using Plant-Derived nitrates and nitrites: chemistry, safety, and regulatory considerations. J Agric Food Chem. 2019;24(29):8074\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b01826.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"678_CR31","unstructured":"Food Safety I, Service, March, U.S. Depatament of Agriculture. Petition to Clarify Labeling on Meat Processed with Non-Synthetic Nitrates and Nitrites Available online: https:\/\/www.fsis.usda.gov\/federal-register\/petitions\/petition-clarify-labeling-meat-processed-non-synthetic-nitrates-and (accessed on 1 2023)."},{"key":"678_CR32","unstructured":"Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2019) CSPI petition comments (2019). https:\/\/www.regulations.gov\/document\/FSIS-2019-0022-0012. Accessed on 1 March 2024."},{"issue":"7","key":"678_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071557","volume":"23","author":"MH Ward","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ward MH, Jones RR, Brender JD, de Kok TM, Weyer PJ, Nolan BT, Villanueva CM, van Breda SG. Drinking water nitrate and human health: an updated review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;23(7):1557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15071557.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2019.1707294","volume":"37","author":"AD n den Brand","year":"2020","unstructured":"n den Brand AD, Beukers M, Niekerk M, van Donkersgoed G, van der Bulder A, Sprong CR. Assessment of the combined nitrate and nitrite exposure from food and drinking water: application of uncertainty around the nitrate to nitrite conversion factor. Food Addit Contam Part Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2020;37(4):568\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19440049.2019.1707294.","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam Part Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess"},{"issue":"8","key":"678_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2020.1757164","volume":"37","author":"A Elias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elias A, Jalakas S, Roasto M, Reinik M, Nurk E, Kaart T, Tuvike A, Merem\u00e4e K, Nelis K, Elias T. Nitrite and nitrate content in meat products and estimated nitrite intake by the Estonian children. Food Addit Contam Part Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2020;37(8):1229\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19440049.2020.1757164.","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam Part Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"678_CR36","first-page":"107","volume":"65","author":"A Anyzewska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anyzewska A, Wawrzyniak A. Evaluating adult dietary intakes of nitrate and nitrite in Polish households during 2006\u20132012. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2014;65(2):107\u201311. PMID: 25272576.","journal-title":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.32394\/rpzh.2021.0175","volume":"72","author":"J Gajda-Wyr\u0119bek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gajda-Wyr\u0119bek J, Jarecka J, Dmitruk M. Monitoring survey of nitrate content in beetroot, radish and cabbage in Poland. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2021;72(3):267\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32394\/rpzh.2021.0175.","journal-title":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig"},{"issue":"9","key":"678_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2011.584072","volume":"28","author":"EH Temme","year":"2011","unstructured":"Temme EH, Vandevijvere S, Vinkx C, Huybrechts I, Goeyens L, Van Oyen H. Average daily nitrate and nitrite intake in the Belgian population older than 15 years. Food Addit Contam Part Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2011;28(9):1193\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19440049.2011.584072.","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam Part Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7692","DOI":"10.4081\/ijfs.2018.7692","volume":"7","author":"R Roila","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roila R, Branciari R, Staccini B, Ranucci D, Miraglia D, Altissimi MS, Mercuri ML, Haouet NM. Contribution of vegetables and cured meat to dietary nitrate and nitrite intake in Italian population: safe level for cured meat and controversial role of vegetables. Ital J Food Saf. 2018;7(3):7692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/ijfs.2018.7692.","journal-title":"Ital J Food Saf"},{"key":"678_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111719","volume":"145","author":"C Vlachou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vlachou C, Hofst\u00e4dter D, Rauscher-Gabernig E, Griesbacher A, Fuchs K, K\u00f6nig J. Probabilistic risk assessment of nitrates for Austrian adults and Estimation of the magnitude of their conversion into nitrites. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;145:111719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111719.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"9","key":"678_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091880","volume":"29","author":"GD Miller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller GD, Nesbit BA, Kim-Shapiro DB, Basu S, Berry MJ. Effect of vitamin C and protein supplementation on plasma nitrate and nitrite response following consumption of beetroot juice. Nutrients. 2022;29(9):1880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14091880.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010043","volume":"9","author":"R Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez R, Cuenca E, Mat\u00e9-Mu\u00f1oz JL, Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez P, Serra-Paya N, Estevan MC, Herreros PV, Garnacho-Casta\u00f1o MV. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on cardiorespiratory endurance in athletes. Syst Rev Nutrients. 2017;9(1):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9010043.","journal-title":"Syst Rev Nutrients"},{"key":"678_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660150","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.660150","volume":"13","author":"H Arazi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arazi H, Eghbali E. Possible effects of beetroot supplementation on physical performance through metabolic, neuroendocrine, and antioxidant mechanisms: A narrative review of the literature. Front Nutr. 2021;13(8)660150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.660150.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523","volume":"1","author":"AJ Webb","year":"2005","unstructured":"Webb AJ, Patel N, Loukogeorgakis S, Okorie M, Aboud Z, Misra S, Rashid R, Miall P, Deanfield J, Benjamin N, MacAllister R, Hobbs AJ, Ahluwalia A. Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective, and antiplatelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite. Hypertension. 2005;1(3):784\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003509","volume":"34","author":"TD Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams TD, Martin MP, Mintz JA, Rogers RR. Effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on bench press power, velocity, and repetition volume. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(4):924\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003509.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"678_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071912","volume":"12","author":"A Ranchal-Sanchez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ranchal-Sanchez A, Diaz-Bernier VM, De La Florida-Villagran CA, Llorente-Cantarero FJ, Campos-Perez J, Jurado-Castro JM. Acute effects of beetroot juice supplements on resistance training: A randomized Double-Blind crossover. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12071912.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"12","key":"678_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001437","volume":"30","author":"SL Mosher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mosher SL, Sparks SA, Williams EL, Bentley DJ, Mc Naughton LR. Ingestion of a nitric oxide enhancing supplement improves resistance exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(12):3520\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001437.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010188","volume":"9","author":"\u00c1 L\u00f3pez-Samanes","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Samanes \u00c1, G\u00f3mez Parra A, Moreno-P\u00e9rez V, Courel-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez J. Does acute beetroot juice supplementation improve neuromuscular performance and match activity in young basketball players? A randomized, Placebo-Controlled study. Nutrients. 2020;9(1):188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12010188.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.170233","volume":"143","author":"M Siervo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siervo M, Lara J, Ogbonmwan I, Mathers JC. Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr. 2013;143(6):818\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.112.170233.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"678_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823039","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.823039","volume":"15","author":"CJR Benjamim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benjamim CJR, Porto AA, Valenti VE, Sobrinho ACDS, Garner DM, Gualano B, Bueno J\u00fanior CR. Nitrate derived from beetroot juice lowers blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr. 2022;15(9)823039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.823039.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"678_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665116002871","volume":"19","author":"JA Lovegrove","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lovegrove JA, Stainer A, Hobbs DA. Role of flavonoids and nitrates in cardiovascular health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2017;19:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0029665116002871.","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"678_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.811212","volume":"56","author":"CP Bondonno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bondonno CP, Croft KD, Hodgson JM, Dietary, Nitrate. Nitric oxide, and cardiovascular health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56(12):2036\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2013.811212.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"678_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2021.06.002","volume":"1","author":"LS Bahrami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bahrami LS, Arabi SM, Feizy Z, Rezvani R. The effect of beetroot inorganic nitrate supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Nitric Oxide. 2021;1(115)8\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.niox.2021.06.002.","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"issue":"2","key":"678_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0872-7","volume":"55","author":"J Lara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lara J, Ashor AW, Oggioni C, Ahluwalia A, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effects of inorganic nitrate and beetroot supplementation on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55(2):451\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-015-0872-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000948","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2021-000948","volume":"8","author":"AS Alsulayyim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alsulayyim AS, Alasmari AM, Alghamdi SM, Polkey MI, Hopkinson NS. Impact of dietary nitrate supplementation on exercise capacity and cardiovascular parameters in chronic respiratory disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2021;8(1):e000948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjresp-2021-000948.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"678_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jackson JK, Patterson AJ, MacDonald-Wicks LK, Oldmeadow C, McEvoy MA. The role of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human evidence. Nutr Rev. 2018, 1;76(5):348\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy005","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy005"},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27131","volume":"90","author":"NG Hord","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hord NG, Tang Y, Bryan NS. Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27131.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"678_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000253","volume":"55","author":"RM Keller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keller RM, Beaver L, Prater MC, Hord NG. Dietary nitrate and nitrite concentrations in food patterns and dietary supplements. Nutr Today. 2020;55(5):218\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NT.0000000000000253.","journal-title":"Nutr Today"},{"key":"678_CR59","first-page":"1","volume":"689","author":"Opinion of the Scientific","year":"2008","unstructured":"Opinion of the Scientific. Panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European commission to perform a scientific risk assessment on nitrate in vegetables. EFSA J. 2008;689:1\u201379.","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"678_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6791519","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6791519","volume":"2016","author":"J d\u2019El-Rei","year":"2016","unstructured":"d\u2019El-Rei J, Cunha AR, Trindade M, Neves MF. Beneficial effects of dietary nitrate on endothelial function and blood pressure levels. Int J Hypertens. 2016;2016:6791519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/6791519.","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060691","volume":"13","author":"M Silva-Cunha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silva-Cunha M, Lacchini R, Tanus-Santos JE. Facilitating Nitrite-Derived S-Nitrosothiol formation in the upper Gastrointestinal tract in the therapy of cardiovascular diseases. Antioxid (Basel). 2024;13(6):691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox13060691.","journal-title":"Antioxid (Basel)"},{"key":"678_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Raubenheimer K, Hickey D, Leveritt M, Fassett R, de Ortiz J, Allen JD, Briskey D, Parker TJ, Kerr G, Peake JM, Pecheniuk NM, Neubauer O. Acute Effects of Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice on Blood Pressure, Hemostasis and Vascular Inflammation Markers in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Nutrients. 2017, 22;9(11):1270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9111270","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111270"},{"key":"678_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Waltz P, Escobar D, Botero AM, Zuckerbraun BS. Nitrate\/Nitrite as Critical Mediators to Limit Oxidative Injury and Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015, 1;23(4):328\u2013\u200939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2015.6256","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6256"},{"key":"678_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.001","volume":"149","author":"BS Rocha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rocha BS, Laranjinha J. Nitrate from diet might fuel gut microbiota metabolism: minding the gap between redox signaling and inter-kingdom communication. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020;149:37\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.001.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"678_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.10.021","volume":"81","author":"BS Rocha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rocha BS, Nunes C, Laranjinha J. Tuning constitutive and pathological inflammation in the gut via the interaction of dietary nitrate and polyphenols with host Microbiome. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2016;81(Pt B):393\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.10.021.","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"678_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fleit B. Chronic inflammation. Pathobiology of human disease. Dynamic Encyclopedia Disease Mech. 2014;300\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-386456-7.01808-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386456-7.01808-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-3583.85264","volume":"2","author":"GA Shiekh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shiekh GA, Ayub T, Khan SN, Dar R, Andrabi KI. Reduced nitrate level in individuals with hypertension and diabetes. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2011;2(3):172\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0975-3583.85264.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dis Res"},{"key":"678_CR68","first-page":"1","volume":"48","author":"M Kawakatsu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kawakatsu M, Ishihara T, Kani K, Nakagava A, Hiura M, Hazui H, Okabe T, Hoshiga M, Waku S, Irida N, Hanafusa T. Plasma nitrate\/nitrite concentration in healthy population and patients with diabetes mellitus relationships with gender, aging and diabetic complications. Bull Osaka Med Coll. 2002;48:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Bull Osaka Med Coll"},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/s1056-8727(02)00196-4","volume":"17","author":"S Apakkan Aksun","year":"2003","unstructured":"Apakkan Aksun S, Ozmen B, Ozmen D, Parildar Z, Senol B, Habif S, Mutaf I, Turgan N, Bayindir O. Serum and urinary nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes with or without microalbuminuria: relation to glomerular hyperfiltration. J Diabetes Complications. 2003;17(6):343\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1056-8727(02)00196-4.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"issue":"16\u201317","key":"678_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2008.08.076","volume":"41","author":"S Zahedi Asl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zahedi Asl S, Ghasemi A, Azizi F. Serum nitric oxide metabolites in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Clin Biochem. 2008;41(16\u201317):1342\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2008.08.076.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"678_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2009.05195.x","volume":"36","author":"DC Henstridge","year":"2009","unstructured":"Henstridge DC, Duffy SJ, Formosa MF, Ahimastos AA, Thompson BR, Kingwell BA. Oral nitrate therapy does not affect glucose metabolism in healthy men. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009;36:1086\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"678_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123611","volume":"12","author":"R Gonz\u00e1lez-Soltero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Soltero R, Bail\u00e9n M, de Lucas B, Ram\u00edrez-Goercke MI, Pareja-Galeano H, Larrosa M. Role of oral and gut microbiota in dietary nitrate metabolism and its impact on sports performance. Nutrients. 2020;12:3611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12123611.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"678_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2015.04.002","volume":"147","author":"Z Bahadoran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A, Kabir A, Azizi F, Hadaegh F. Is dietary nitrate\/nitrite exposure a risk factor for development of thyroid abnormality? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nitric Oxide. 2015;147:65\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.niox.2015.04.002.","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"678_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Said Abasse K, Essien EE, Abbas M, Yu X, Xie W, Sun J, Akter L, Cote A. Association between Dietary Nitrate, Nitrite Intake, and Site-Specific Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022, 4;14(3):666. doi: 10.3390\/nu14030666. This meta-analysis found differential associations between cancer risk in specific sites and dietary intake of nitrates and nitrites. A positive association was observed between nitrate intake and thyroid cancer risk.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030666"},{"issue":"1324","key":"678_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27659","volume":"15","author":"B Aschebrook-Kilfoy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, Shu XO, Gao YT, Ji BT, Yang G, Li HL, Rothman N, Chow WH, Zheng W, Ward MH. Thyroid cancer risk and dietary nitrate and nitrite intake in the Shanghai women\u2019s health study. Int J Cancer. 2013;15(1324):897\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.27659.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-19-0417","volume":"27","author":"TV Tran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tran TV, Kitahara CM, de Vathaire F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Journy N. Thyroid dysfunction and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2020;27(4):245\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ERC-19-0417.","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0299","volume":"31","author":"RM Ruggeri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruggeri RM, Giovinazzo S, Barbalace MC, Cristani M, Alibrandi A, Vicchio TM, Giuffrida G, Aguennouz MH, Malaguti M, Angeloni C, Trimarchi F, Hrelia S, Campenn\u00ec A, Cannav\u00f2 S. Influence of dietary habits on oxidative stress markers in hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Thyroid. 2021;31(1):96\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2020.0299.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67719-7","volume":"10","author":"D Kali\u010danin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kali\u010danin D, Br\u010di\u0107 L, Ljubeti\u0107 K, Bari\u0107 A, Gra\u010dan S, Brekalo M, Torlak Lovri\u0107 V, Kol\u010di\u0107 I, Pola\u0161ek O, Zemunik T, Punda A. Boraska perica, V. Differences in food consumption between patients with hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and healthy individuals. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-67719-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"678_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mathewson PD, Evans S, Byrnes T, Joos A, Naidenko OV. Health and economic impact of nitrate pollution in drinking water: a Wisconsin case study. Environ Monit Assess. 2020, 23;192(11):724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-020-08652-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08652-0"},{"key":"678_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.04.009","volume":"176","author":"A Temkin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Temkin A, Evans S, Manidis T, Campbell C, Naidenko OV. Exposure-based assessment and economic valuation of adverse birth outcomes and cancer risk due to nitrate in united States drinking water. Environ Res. 2019;176:108442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2019.04.009.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0900","volume":"133","author":"WJ Rogan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Council on Environmental Health, Rogan WJ, Paulson JA, Baum C, Brock-Utnem AC, Brumberg HL, Campbell CC, Lanphear BP, Lowry JA, Osterhoudt KC, Sandel MT, Spanier A, Trasande L. Iodine deficiency, pollutant chemicals, and the thyroid: new information on an old problem. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):1163\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2014-0900.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"678_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandarilla-Esparza DD, Calleros-Rinc\u00f3n EY, Macias HM, Gonz\u00e1lez-Delgado MF, Vargas GG, Sustaita JD, Gonz\u00e1lez-Zamora A, R\u00edos-S\u00e1nchez E, P\u00e9rez-Morales R. FOXE1 polymorphisms and chronic exposure to nitrates in drinking water cause metabolic dysfunction, thyroid abnormalities, and genotoxic damage in women. Genet Mol Biol. 2021, 4;44(3):e20210020. doi: 10.1590\/1678-4685-GMB-2021-0020. This publication provides important information on the impact of exposure to nitrates in drinking water on metabolic and hormonal changes and genotoxic damage in women.","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0020"},{"key":"678_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.010","volume":"126","author":"V Kapil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kapil V, Rathod KS, Khambata RS, Bahra M, Velmurugan S, Purba A, Watson S, Barnes D, Wade MR, Ahluwalia WG. Sex differences in the nitrate-nitrite-NO\u2022 pathway: role of oral nitrate-reducing bacteria. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018;126:113\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.010.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"678_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14466.DSCR","volume":"21","author":"L Davies","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davies L, Morris LG, Haymart M, Chen AY, Goldenberg D, Morris J, Ogilvie JB, Terris DJ, Netterville J, Wong RJ, Randolph G, AACE Endocrine Surgery Scientific Committee. American association of clinical endocrinologists and American college of endocrinology disease state clinical review: the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(6):686\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP14466.DSCR.","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"678_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2020.1815664","volume":"32","author":"E Garc\u00eda Torres","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Torres E, P\u00e9rez Moralesm R, Gonz\u00e1lez Zamora A, R\u00edos S\u00e1nchez E, Olivas Calder\u00f3n EH, Alba Romero JJ, Calleros Rinc\u00f3n EY. Consumption of water contaminated by nitrate and its deleterious effects on the human thyroid gland: a review and update. Int J Environ Health Res. 2022;32(5):984\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09603123.2020.1815664.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"678_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.12.006","volume":"40","author":"DR Hallinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hallinger DR, Murr AS, Buckalew AR, Simmons SO, Stoker TE, Laws SC. Development of a screening approach to detect thyroid disrupting chemicals that inhibit the human sodium iodide symporter (NIS). Toxicol Vitro. 2017;40:66\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.12.006.","journal-title":"Toxicol Vitro"},{"key":"678_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ucal Y, Sahin ON, Serdar M, Blount B, Kumru P, Muhcu M, Eroglu M, Akin-Levi C, Keles ZZY, Turam C, Valentin-Blasini L, Morel-Espinosa M, Serteser M, Unsal I, Ozpinar A. Exposure to Perchlorate in Lactating Women and Its Associations With Newborn Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018, 3;9:348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00348","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00348"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"678_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.09.013","volume":"143","author":"MK Horton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horton MK, Blount BC, Valentin-Blasini L, Wapner R, Whyatt R, Gennings C, Factor-Litvak P. CO-occurring exposure to perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate alters thyroid function in healthy pregnant women. Environ Res. 2015;143(Pt A):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2015.09.013.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"678_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409309","volume":"124","author":"NA Mervish","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mervish NA, Pajak A, Teitelbaum SL, Pinney SM, Windham GC, Kushi LH, Biro FM, Valentin-Blasini L, Blount BC, Wolff MS, Breast Cancer and Environment Research Project (BCERP). Thyroid antagonists (Perchlorate, thiocyanate, and Nitrate) and childhood growth in a longitudinal study of U.S. Girls. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(4):542\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1409309.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1515\/folmed-2016-0024","volume":"58","author":"AV Bivolarska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bivolarska AV, Maneva AI, Gatseva PD, Katsarova MN. Effect of nitrates, thiocyanates and selenium on the Iron and iodine status of postpartum women. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2016;58(3):188\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/folmed-2016-0024.","journal-title":"Folia Med (Plovdiv)"},{"key":"678_CR91","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Geneva. Nitrate and nitrite in drinking water. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality; 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"678_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31826bb774","volume":"55","author":"GM Bruce","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bruce GM, Corey LM, Mandel JH, Pleus RC. Urinary nitrate, thiocyanate, and perchlorate and serum thyroid endpoints based on NHANES 2001 to 2002. J Occup Environ Med. 2013;55(1):52\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31826bb774.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"678_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6390545","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6390545","volume":"2017","author":"H Mendieta-Zer\u00f3n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mendieta-Zer\u00f3n H, Jim\u00e9nez-Rosales A, P\u00e9rez-Amado CJ, Jim\u00e9nez-Morales S. FOXE1 mutation screening in a case with cleft lip, hypothyroidism, and thyroid carcinoma: A new syndrome?? Case Rep Genet. 2017;2017:6390545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/6390545.","journal-title":"Case Rep Genet"},{"key":"678_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Serrano-Nascimento C, Nunes MT. Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate: Environmental relevant NIS-inhibitors pollutants and their impact on thyroid function and human health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022, 21;13:995503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.995503","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.995503"},{"issue":"3","key":"678_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161114666160208143537","volume":"14","author":"M Obradovic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Obradovic M, Gluvic Z, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Panic A, Trebaljevac J, Bajic V, Zarkovic M, Isenovic ER. Nitric oxide as a marker for Levo-Thyroxine therapy in subclinical hypothyroid patients. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2016;14(3):266\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570161114666160208143537.","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"678_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1333298","volume":"121","author":"B Tejovathi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tejovathi B, Suchitra MM, Suresh V, Reddy VS, Sachan A, Srinivas Rao PV, Bitla AR. Association of lipid peroxidation with endothelial dysfunction in patients with overt hypothyroidism. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2013;121(5):306\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0032-1333298.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"678_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110569","volume":"150","author":"V Samardzic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samardzic V, Banjac K, Obradovic M, Gluvic Z, Isenovic R. Could the level of nitrite\/nitrate contribute to malignant thyroid nodule diagnostics? Med Hypotheses. 2021;150:110569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110569.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"}],"container-title":["Current Nutrition Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13668-025-00678-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13668-025-00678-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13668-025-00678-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:04:05Z","timestamp":1781604245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13668-025-00678-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13668-025-00678-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-3311"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-3311","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional Review Board Statement"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"89"}}