{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:54:54Z","timestamp":1793145294575,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Nutr Rep"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-026-00795-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:36:23Z","timestamp":1788320183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nutritional Modulation of the Gut Microbiome\u2013Metabolite Axis in Cardiovascular Disease: From Dietary Patterns to Cardiovascular Risk"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0143-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Mohammadzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9461-6428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehtap","family":"\u00dcnl\u00fc S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9995-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Fazlzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7981-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Men\u015fure Nur","family":"\u00c7elik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"795_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vaduganathan M, Mensah GA, Turco JV, Fuster V, Roth GA. The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk: A Compass for Future Health. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. Elsevier Inc.; 2022 [cited 2026 Jan 15];80:2361\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JACC.2022.11.005;WGROUP:STRING:ACC","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JACC.2022.11.005;WGROUP:STRING:ACC"},{"key":"795_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chong B, Jayabaskaran J, Jauhari SM, Chan SP, Goh R, Kueh MTW, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: projections from 2025 to 2050. Eur J Prev Cardiol [Internet]. Oxford Academic; 2025 [cited 2025 Sep 23];32:1001\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/EURJPC\/ZWAE281","DOI":"10.1093\/EURJPC\/ZWAE281"},{"key":"795_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/EURHEARTJ\/EHAB484","volume":"42","author":"F Visseren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Visseren F, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, B\u00e4ck M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:3227\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/EURHEARTJ\/EHAB484.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"795_CR4","unstructured":"Healthy diet [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 24]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/healthy-diet?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed 24 Sep 2025"},{"key":"795_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, et al. 2019 ACC\/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation [Internet]. NLM (Medline); 2019 [cited 2025 Sep 24];140:e596\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000678\/SUPPL_FILE\/WEB","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000678\/SUPPL_FILE\/WEB"},{"key":"795_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton PM, Rebholz CM, et al. 2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation [Internet]. Lippincott Williams & WilkinsHagerstown, MD; 2021 [cited 2025 Sep 24];144:E472\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001031","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001031"},{"key":"795_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/METABO12111064","author":"M Kandpal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kandpal M, Indari O, Baral B, Jakhmola S, Tiwari D, Bhandari V, et al. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota from the perspective of the gut\u2013brain axis: role in the provocation of neurological disorders. Metabolites. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/METABO12111064.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"795_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS24032019","author":"V Sorrenti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sorrenti V, Bur\u00f2 I, Consoli V, Vanella L, Sorrenti V, Bur\u00f2 I. Recent advances in health benefits of bioactive compounds from food wastes and by-products: biochemical aspects. Int J Mol Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS24032019.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"795_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Plamada D, Vodnar DC, Plamada D, Vodnar DC. Polyphenols\u2014Gut Microbiota Interrelationship: A Transition to a New Generation of Prebiotics. Nutrients 2022, Vol 14, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2021 [cited 2026 Jan 15];14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU14010137","DOI":"10.3390\/NU14010137"},{"key":"795_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8045646","author":"GA Ogunrinola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogunrinola GA, Oyewale JO, Oshamika OO, Olasehinde GI. The human microbiome and its impacts on health. Int J Microbiol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8045646.","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"795_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Datta S, Pasham S, Inavolu S, Boini KM, Koka S. Role of Gut Microbial Metabolites in Cardiovascular Diseases-Current Insights and the Road Ahead. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. Int J Mol Sci; 2024 [cited 2026 Aug 21];25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS251810208","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS251810208"},{"key":"795_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/MNFR.201600324","volume":"61","author":"CE Cho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cho CE, Taesuwan S, Malysheva OV, Bender E, Tulchinsky NF, Yan J, et al. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) response to animal source foods varies among healthy young men and is influenced by their gut microbiota composition: a randomized controlled trial. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017;61:1600324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/MNFR.201600324.","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"795_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roberts AB, Gu X, Buffa JA, Hurd AG, Wang Z, Zhu W, et al. Development of a gut microbe\u2013targeted nonlethal therapeutic to inhibit thrombosis potential. Nat Med [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group; 2018 [cited 2025 Oct 1];24:1407\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41591-018-0128-1;SUBJMETA","DOI":"10.1038\/S41591-018-0128-1;SUBJMETA"},{"key":"795_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Papandreou C, Mor\u00e9 M, Bellamine A. Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Relation to Cardiometabolic Health\u2014Cause or Effect? Nutrients 2020, Vol 12, Page 1330 [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2020 [cited 2025 Sep 29];12:1330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU12051330","DOI":"10.3390\/NU12051330"},{"key":"795_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geng J, Yang C, Wang B, Zhang X, Hu T, Gu Y, et al. Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes atherosclerosis via CD36-dependent MAPK\/JNK pathway. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy [Internet]. Elsevier Masson; 2018 [cited 2025 Sep 29];97:941\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIOPHA.2017.11.016","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPHA.2017.11.016"},{"key":"795_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Z, Klipfell E, Bennett BJ, Koeth R, Levison BS, Dugar B, et al. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group; 2011 [cited 2025 Sep 29];472:57\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NATURE09922;SUBJMETA","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE09922;SUBJMETA"},{"key":"795_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Senthong V, Wang Z, Li XS, Fan Y, Wu Y, Tang WHW, et al. Intestinal Microbiota-Generated Metabolite Trimethylamine\u2010N\u2010Oxide and 5\u2010Year Mortality Risk in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: The Contributory Role of Intestinal Microbiota in a COURAGE\u2010Like Patient Cohort. J Am Heart Assoc [Internet]. John Wiley and Sons Inc.; 2016 [cited 2025 Sep 29];5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.115.002816","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002816"},{"key":"795_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cho CE, Caudill MA. Trimethylamine-N-Oxide: Friend, Foe, or Simply Caught in the Cross-Fire? Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism [Internet]. Elsevier Inc.; 2017 [cited 2025 Sep 28];28:121\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2016.10.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.10.005"},{"key":"795_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yamashita T, Yoshida N, Emoto T, Saito Y, Hirata KI. Two Gut Microbiota-Derived Toxins Are Closely Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review. Toxins 2021, Vol 13, Page 297 [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2021 [cited 2025 Oct 1];13:297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/TOXINS13050297","DOI":"10.3390\/TOXINS13050297"},{"key":"795_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.09.051","volume":"147","author":"I Zanoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zanoni I, Ostuni R, Marek LR, Barresi S, Barbalat R, Barton GM, et al. CD14 controls the LPS-induced endocytosis of toll-like receptor 4. Cell. 2011;147:868\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2011.09.051.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"795_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carnevale R, Pastori D, Nocella C, Cammisotto V, Baratta F, Del Ben M, et al. Low-grade endotoxemia, gut permeability and platelet activation in patients with impaired fasting glucose. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases [Internet]. Elsevier; 2017 [cited 2025 Oct 2];27:890\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NUMECD.2017.06.007","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NUMECD.2017.06.007"},{"key":"795_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Violi F, Carnevale R, Loffredo L, Pignatelli P, Gallin JI. NADPH Oxidase-2 and Atherothrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol [Internet]. Lippincott Williams & WilkinsHagerstown, MD; 2017 [cited 2025 Oct 2];37:218\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308351","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308351"},{"key":"795_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122749","volume":"15","author":"VJ Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez VJ, Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco AI, Redondo-Fl\u00f3rez L, Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Global impacts of western diet and its effects on metabolism and health: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2023;15:2749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15122749.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"795_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pastori D, Carnevale R, Nocella C, Novo M, Santulli M, Cammisotto V, et al. Gut-Derived Serum Lipopolysaccharide is Associated With Enhanced Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Atrial Fibrillation: Effect of Adherence to Mediterranean Diet. J Am Heart Assoc [Internet]. John Wiley and Sons Inc.; 2017 [cited 2025 Oct 2];6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.117.005784","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005784"},{"key":"795_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wassenaar TM, Zimmermann K. Lipopolysaccharides in food, food supplements, and probiotics: should we be worried? Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) [Internet]. Akad\u00e9miai Kiad\u00f3; 2018 [cited 2025 Oct 2];8:63\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/1886.2018.00017","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2018.00017"},{"key":"795_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prasad KN, Bondy SC. Dietary fibers and their fermented short-chain fatty acids in prevention of human diseases. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre [Internet]. Elsevier; 2019 [cited 2025 Oct 7];17:100170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BCDF.2018.09.001","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BCDF.2018.09.001"},{"key":"795_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M. Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/PHYSREV.00041.2018 [Internet]. American Physiological Society Bethesda, MD ; 2019 [cited 2025 Oct 27];100:171\u2013210.","DOI":"10.1152\/PHYSREV.00041.2018"},{"key":"795_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang A, Li Z, Sun Z, Zhang D, Ma X. Gut-derived short-chain fatty acids bridge cardiac and systemic metabolism and immunity in heart failure. J Nutr Biochem [Internet]. Elsevier; 2023 [cited 2025 Oct 7];120:109370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JNUTBIO.2023.109370","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JNUTBIO.2023.109370"},{"key":"795_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu XF, Shao JH, Liao YT, Wang LN, Jia Y, Dong PJ, et al. Regulation of short-chain fatty acids in the immune system. frontiersin.orgX Liu, J Shao, YT Liao, LN Wang, Y Jia, P Dong, Z Liu, D He, C Li, X ZhangFrontiers in immunology, 2023\u2022frontiersin.org [Internet]. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2023 [cited 2025 Oct 7];14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2023.1186892\/FULL","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2023.1186892\/FULL"},{"key":"795_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou H, Yu B, Sun J, Liu Z, Chen H, Ge L, et al. Short-chain fatty acids can improve lipid and glucose metabolism independently of the pig gut microbiota. J Anim Sci Biotechnol [Internet]. BioMed Central Ltd; 2021 [cited 2025 Oct 7];12:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S40104-021-00581-3\/FIGURES\/5","DOI":"10.1186\/S40104-021-00581-3\/FIGURES\/5"},{"key":"795_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHAR.2023.1271001","volume":"14","author":"Y Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng Y, Xu D. Short-chain fatty acids are potential goalkeepers of atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1271001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPHAR.2023.1271001.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"795_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R\u00edos-Covi\u00e1n D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Margolles A, Gueimonde M, De los Reyes-Gavil\u00e1n CG, Salazar N. Intestinal short chain fatty acids and their link with diet and human health. Front Microbiol [Internet]. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2016 [cited 2026 Aug 17];7:180861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FMICB.2016.00185\/TEXT","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2016.00185\/TEXT"},{"key":"795_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Warmbrunn M V, Herrema H, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Soeters MR, Van Raalte DH, Nieuwdorp M. The Interaction between the Gut Microbiome and Bile Acids in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Metabolites 2022, Vol 12, Page 65 [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2022 [cited 2025 Nov 6];12:65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/METABO12010065","DOI":"10.3390\/METABO12010065"},{"key":"795_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di Vincenzo F, Del Gaudio A, Petito V, Lopetuso LR, Scaldaferri F. Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review. Internal and Emergency Medicine 2023 19:2 [Internet]. Springer; 2023 [cited 2025 Nov 6];19:275\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11739-023-03374-W","DOI":"10.1007\/S11739-023-03374-W"},{"key":"795_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen F, Gong L. Bile acid-microbiota interactions in cardiometabolic diseases: mechanisms and emerging therapeutic approaches. Front Microbiol [Internet]. Front Microbiol; 2025 [cited 2026 Aug 13];16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FMICB.2025.1689026","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2025.1689026"},{"key":"795_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fleishman JS, Kumar S. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2024 9:1 [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group; 2024 [cited 2025 Nov 6];9:1\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-024-01811-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01811-6"},{"key":"795_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tang WHW, Nemet I, Li XS, Wu Y, Haghikia A, Witkowski M, et al. Prognostic Value of Gut Microbe-Generated Metabolite Phenylacetylglutamine in Patients with Heart Failure. Eur J Heart Fail [Internet]. Oxford Academic; 2024 [cited 2026 Aug 15];26:233\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/EJHF.3111","DOI":"10.1002\/EJHF.3111"},{"key":"795_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma L, Fu G, Liu R, Zhou F, Dong S, Zhou Y, et al. Phenylacetyl glutamine: a novel biomarker for stroke recurrence warning. BMC Neurol [Internet]. BMC Neurol; 2023 [cited 2026 Aug 15];23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12883-023-03118-5","DOI":"10.1186\/S12883-023-03118-5"},{"key":"795_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krishnamoorthy NK, Kalyan M, Hediyal TA, Anand N, Kendaganna PH, Pendyala G, et al. Role of the Gut Bacteria-Derived Metabolite Phenylacetylglutamine in Health and Diseases. ACS Omega [Internet]. American Chemical Society; 2024 [cited 2026 Aug 15];9:3164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACSOMEGA.3C08184","DOI":"10.1021\/ACSOMEGA.3C08184"},{"key":"795_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei H, Wu J, Wang H, Huang J, Li C, Zhang Y, et al. Increased circulating phenylacetylglutamine concentration elevates the predictive value of cardiovascular event risk in heart failure patients. J Intern Med [Internet]. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2023 [cited 2026 Aug 15];294:515\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JOIM.13653;SUBPAGE:STRING:FULL","DOI":"10.1111\/JOIM.13653;SUBPAGE:STRING:FULL"},{"key":"795_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng R, Tian Z, Mao R, Ma R, Luo W, Zhao M, et al. Gut Microbiome-Generated Phenylacetylglutamine from Dietary Protein is Associated with Crohn\u2019s Disease and Exacerbates Colitis in Mouse Model Possibly via Platelet Activation. J Crohns Colitis [Internet]. Oxford Academic; 2023 [cited 2026 Aug 17];17:1833\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ECCO-JCC\/JJAD098","DOI":"10.1093\/ECCO-JCC\/JJAD098"},{"key":"795_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agus A, Planchais J, Sokol H. Gut Microbiota Regulation of Tryptophan Metabolism in Health and Disease. Cell Host Microbe [Internet]. Cell Press; 2018 [cited 2026 Aug 15];23:716\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CHOM.2018.05.003","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHOM.2018.05.003"},{"key":"795_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mu X, Feng L, Wang Q, Li H, Zhou H, Yi W, et al. Decreased gut microbiome-derived indole-3-propionic acid mediates the exacerbation of myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury following depression via the brain-gut-heart axis. Redox Biol [Internet]. Elsevier; 2025 [cited 2026 Aug 15];81:103580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.REDOX.2025.103580","DOI":"10.1016\/J.REDOX.2025.103580"},{"key":"795_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xue H, Chen X, Yu C, Deng Y, Zhang Y, Chen S, et al. Gut Microbially Produced Indole-3-Propionic Acid Inhibits Atherosclerosis by Promoting Reverse Cholesterol Transport and Its Deficiency Is Causally Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2022 [cited 2026 Aug 15];131:404\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321253;ISSUE:ISSUE:DOI","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321253;ISSUE:ISSUE:DOI"},{"key":"795_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Niu B, Pan T, Xiao Y, Wang H, Zhu J, Tian F, et al. The therapeutic potential of dietary intervention: based on the mechanism of a tryptophan derivative-indole propionic acid on metabolic disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. Taylor & Francis; 2025 [cited 2026 Aug 17];65:1729\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2023.2299744","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2299744"},{"key":"795_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Islam KN, Nguyen ID, Islam R, Pirzadah H, Malik H. Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) as a Potential Therapeutic Agent in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.64913","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.64913"},{"key":"795_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun HJ, Wu ZY, Nie XW, Bian JS. Role of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: The link between inflammation and hydrogen sulfide. Front Pharmacol [Internet]. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2020 [cited 2026 Aug 17];10:493254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPHAR.2019.01568\/FULL","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHAR.2019.01568\/FULL"},{"key":"795_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Munteanu C, Onose G, Rotariu M, Po\u0219taru M, Turnea M, Galaction AI. Role of Microbiota-Derived Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Modulating the Gut\u2013Brain Axis: Implications for Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis. Biomedicines 2024, Vol 12, Page 2670 [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2024 [cited 2026 Aug 17];12:2670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/BIOMEDICINES12122670","DOI":"10.3390\/BIOMEDICINES12122670"},{"key":"795_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bechelli C, Macabrey D, Deglise S, Allagnat F. Clinical Potential of Hydrogen Sulfide in Peripheral Arterial Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023, Vol 24, Page 9955 [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2023 [cited 2026 Aug 17];24:9955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS24129955","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS24129955"},{"key":"795_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolf PG, Cowley ES, Breister A, Matatov S, Lucio L, Polak P, et al. Diversity and distribution of sulfur metabolic genes in the human gut microbiome and their association with colorectal cancer. Microbiome 2022 10:1 [Internet]. BioMed Central; 2022 [cited 2026 Aug 17];10:64-. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S40168-022-01242-X","DOI":"10.1186\/S40168-022-01242-X"},{"key":"795_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teigen L, Mathai PP, Lopez S, Matson M, Elkin B, Kozysa D, et al. Differential hydrogen sulfide production by a human cohort in response to animal- and plant-based diet interventions. Clinical Nutrition [Internet]. Churchill Livingstone; 2022 [cited 2026 Aug 17];41:1153\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CLNU.2022.03.028","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CLNU.2022.03.028"},{"key":"795_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen L, Wang J, Yi J, Liu Y, Yu Z, Chen S, et al. Increased mucin-degrading bacteria by high protein diet leads to thinner mucus layer and aggravates experimental colitis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia) [Internet]. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2021 [cited 2026 Aug 17];36:2864\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JGH.15562;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER","DOI":"10.1111\/JGH.15562;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER"},{"key":"795_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu J, Xie G, Li X, Wen X, Cao Z, Ma B, et al. Sodium butyrate reduce ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions by regulating bacterial community balance in swine cecal content in vitro. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. Academic Press; 2021 [cited 2026 Aug 17];226:112827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ECOENV.2021.112827","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ECOENV.2021.112827"},{"key":"795_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Killinger BJ, Whidbey C, Sadler NC, DeLeon AJ, Munoz N, Kim YM, et al. Activity-based protein profiling identifies alternating activation of enzymes involved in the bifidobacterium shunt pathway or mucin degradation in the gut microbiome response to soluble dietary fiber. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes 2022 8:1 [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group; 2022 [cited 2026 Aug 17];8:60-. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-022-00313-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-022-00313-z"},{"key":"795_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cho CE, Aardema NDJ, Bunnell ML, Larson DP, Aguilar SS, Bergeson JR, et al. Effect of Choline Forms and Gut Microbiota Composition on Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Response in Healthy Men. Nutrients 2020, Vol 12, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2020 [cited 2026 Jan 4];12:1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU12082220","DOI":"10.3390\/NU12082220"},{"key":"795_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21307","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.1215689109","volume":"109","author":"S Craciun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Craciun S, Balskus EP. Microbial conversion of choline to trimethylamine requires a glycyl radical enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:21307\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/PNAS.1215689109.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"795_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Z, Bergeron N, Levison BS, Li XS, Chiu S, Xun J, et al. Impact of chronic dietary red meat, white meat, or non-meat protein on trimethylamine N-oxide metabolism and renal excretion in healthy men and women. Eur Heart J [Internet]. Oxford Academic; 2019 [cited 2026 Jan 4];40:583\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/EURHEARTJ\/EHY799","DOI":"10.1093\/EURHEARTJ\/EHY799"},{"key":"795_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shafi T, Meyer TW, Hostetter TH, Melamed ML, Parekh RS, Hwang S, et al. Free Levels of Selected Organic Solutes and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients: Results from the Retained Organic Solutes and Clinical Outcomes (ROSCO) Investigators. PLoS One [Internet]. Public Library of Science; 2015 [cited 2026 Jan 4];10:e0126048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0126048","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0126048"},{"key":"795_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gram L, Dalgaard P. Fish spoilage bacteria \u2013 problems and solutions. Curr Opin Biotechnol [Internet]. Elsevier Current Trends; 2002 [cited 2026 Jan 4];13:262\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0958-1669(02)00309-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(02)00309-9"},{"key":"795_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gessner A, Di Giuseppe R, Koch M, Fromm MF, Lieb W, Maas R. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) determined by LC-MS\/MS: Distribution and correlates in the population-based PopGen cohort. Clin Chem Lab Med [Internet]. De Gruyter; 2020 [cited 2026 Jan 4];58:733\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/CCLM-2019-1146\/XML","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM-2019-1146\/XML"},{"key":"795_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yin X, Gibbons H, Rundle M, Frost G, McNulty BA, Nugent AP, et al. The Relationship between Fish Intake and Urinary Trimethylamine-N-Oxide. Mol Nutr Food Res [Internet]. Wiley-VCH Verlag; 2020 [cited 2026 Jan 4];64:1900799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/MNFR.201900799;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER","DOI":"10.1002\/MNFR.201900799;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER"},{"key":"795_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hagen I V., Helland A, Bratlie M, Midttun \u00d8, McCann A, Sveier H, et al. TMAO, creatine and 1-methylhistidine in serum and urine are potential biomarkers of cod and salmon intake: a randomised clinical trial in adults with overweight or obesity. European Journal of Nutrition 2019 59:5 [Internet]. Springer; 2019 [cited 2026 Jan 4];59:2249\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00394-019-02076-4","DOI":"10.1007\/S00394-019-02076-4"},{"key":"795_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Regis B, Passeri L, Moreira NX, Borges NA, Ribeiro-Alves M, Mafra D. Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels in Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Following Meal Challenge. Mol Nutr Food Res [Internet]. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2025 [cited 2026 Aug 17];69:e70121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/MNFR.70121;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION","DOI":"10.1002\/MNFR.70121;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION"},{"key":"795_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Z, Tang WHW, O\u2019Connell T, Garcia E, Jeyarajah EJ, Li XS, et al. Circulating trimethylamine N-oxide levels following fish or seafood consumption. European Journal of Nutrition 2022 61:5 [Internet]. Springer; 2022 [cited 2026 Aug 17];61:2357\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00394-022-02803-4","DOI":"10.1007\/S00394-022-02803-4"},{"key":"795_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohan D, Mente A, Dehghan M, Rangarajan S, O\u2019Donnell M, Hu W, et al. Associations of Fish Consumption With Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality Among Individuals With or Without Vascular Disease From 58 Countries. JAMA Intern Med [Internet]. American Medical Association; 2021 [cited 2026 Jan 15];181:631\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMAINTERNMED.2021.0036","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAINTERNMED.2021.0036"},{"key":"795_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Snelson M, Tan SM, Clarke RE, De Pasquale C, Thallas-Bonke V, Nguyen TV, et al. Processed foods drive intestinal barrier permeability and microvascular diseases. Sci Adv [Internet]. American Association for the Advancement of Science; 2021 [cited 2026 Jan 15];7:4841\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIADV.ABE4841;PAGEGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIADV.ABE4841;PAGEGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION"},{"key":"795_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac JC, Louzada MLC, Rauber F, et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr [Internet]. Cambridge University Press; 2019 [cited 2026 Jan 15];22:936\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980018003762","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762"},{"key":"795_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sinclair AJ, Xu L, Wang Y. 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF): A metabolite identified after consumption of fish oil and fish. Nutr Bull [Internet]. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018 [cited 2026 Jan 15];43:153\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/NBU.12321;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER","DOI":"10.1111\/NBU.12321;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER"},{"key":"795_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu G, Gibson RA, Callahan D, Guo XF, Li D, Sinclair AJ. Pure omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA, DPA or DHA) are associated with increased plasma levels of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) in a short-term study in women. Food Funct [Internet]. The Royal Society of Chemistry; 2020 [cited 2026 Jan 15];11:2058\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C9FO02440A","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02440A"},{"key":"795_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dai L, Massy ZA, Stenvinkel P, Chesnaye NC, Larabi IA, Alvarez JC, et al. The association between TMAO, CMPF, and clinical outcomes in advanced chronic kidney disease: results from the European QUALity (EQUAL) Study. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. Elsevier; 2022 [cited 2026 Jan 15];116:1842\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/AJCN\/NQAC278","DOI":"10.1093\/AJCN\/NQAC278"},{"key":"795_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Struijk EA, Fung TT, Rodr\u00edguez-Artalejo F, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Hu FB, Willett WC, et al. Protein intake and risk of frailty among older women in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle [Internet]. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2022 [cited 2026 Jan 15];13:1752\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JCSM.12972;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:1353921906009;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION","DOI":"10.1002\/JCSM.12972;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:1353921906009;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION"},{"key":"795_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wilcox J, Skye SM, Graham B, Zabell A, Li XS, Li L, et al. Dietary Choline Supplements, but Not Eggs, Raise Fasting TMAO Levels in Participants with Normal Renal Function: A Randomized Clinical Trial. American Journal of Medicine [Internet]. Elsevier Inc.; 2021 [cited 2026 Jan 15];134:1160\u20131169.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.03.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.03.016"},{"key":"795_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kang JW, Zivkovic AM. Are eggs good again? A precision nutrition perspective on the effects of eggs on cardiovascular risk, taking into account plasma lipid profiles and TMAO. J Nutr Biochem [Internet]. Elsevier; 2022 [cited 2026 Jan 4];100:108906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JNUTBIO.2021.108906","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JNUTBIO.2021.108906"},{"key":"795_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Allenspach M, Von Eckardstein A, M\u00fcller D. Plasma Concentrations of Trimethylamine-N-oxide Are Directly Associated with Dairy Food Consumption and Low-Grade Inflammation in a German Adult Population. J Nutr [Internet]. Elsevier; 2016 [cited 2026 Mar 24];146:283\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.115.220103","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.220103"},{"key":"795_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burton KJ, Kr\u00fcger R, Scherz V, M\u00fcnger LH, Picone G, Vionnet N, et al. Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Postprandial Response in Plasma and Urine Is Lower After Fermented Compared to Non-Fermented Dairy Consumption in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2020, Vol 12, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2020 [cited 2026 Mar 24];12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12010234","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010234"},{"key":"795_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lombardo M, Aulisa G, Marcon D, Rizzo G. The Influence of Animal- or Plant-Based Diets on Blood and Urine Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) Levels in Humans. Curr Nutr Rep [Internet]. Springer; 2022 [cited 2026 Jan 15];11:56\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S13668-021-00387-9\/TABLES\/3","DOI":"10.1007\/S13668-021-00387-9\/TABLES\/3"},{"key":"795_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perler BK, Friedman ES, Wu GD. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Relationship Between Diet and Human Health. Annu Rev Physiol [Internet]. Annual Reviews Inc.; 2023 [cited 2026 Jan 15];85:449\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/ANNUREV-PHYSIOL-031522-092054\/CITE\/REFWORKS","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-PHYSIOL-031522-092054\/CITE\/REFWORKS"},{"key":"795_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ben\u00edtez-P\u00e1ez A, Kj\u00f8lb\u00e6k L, G\u00f3mez del Pulgar EM, Brahe LK, Astrup A, Matysik S, et al. A Multi-omics Approach to Unraveling the Microbiome-Mediated Effects of Arabinoxylan Oligosaccharides in Overweight Humans. mSystems [Internet]. American Society for Microbiology; 2019 [cited 2026 Jan 15];4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MSYSTEMS.00209-19;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER","DOI":"10.1128\/MSYSTEMS.00209-19;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER"},{"key":"795_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wiese GN, Biruete A, Moorthi RN, Moe SM, Lindemann SR, Hill Gallant KM. Plant-Based Diets, the Gut Microbiota, and Trimethylamine N-Oxide Production in Chronic Kidney Disease: Therapeutic Potential and Methodological Considerations. Journal of Renal Nutrition [Internet]. W.B. Saunders; 2021 [cited 2026 Jan 15];31:121\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.04.007","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.04.007"},{"key":"795_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Violi F, Cammisotto V, Bartimoccia S, Pignatelli P, Carnevale R, Nocella C. Gut-derived low-grade endotoxaemia, atherothrombosis and cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology 2022 20:1 [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group; 2022 [cited 2026 Jan 23];20:24\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-022-00737-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00737-2"},{"key":"795_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guerville M, Leroy A, Sinquin A, Laugerette F, Michalski MC, Boudry G. Western-diet consumption induces alteration of barrier function mechanisms in the ileum that correlates with metabolic endotoxemia in rats. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/AJPENDO.00372.2016 [Internet]. American Physiological Society Bethesda, MD; 2017 [cited 2026 Jan 23];313:E107\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/AJPENDO.00372.2016","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPENDO.00372.2016"},{"key":"795_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, et al. Metabolic Endotoxemia Initiates Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes [Internet]. American Diabetes Association; 2007 [cited 2026 Jan 23];56:1761\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DB06-1491","DOI":"10.2337\/DB06-1491"},{"key":"795_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cani PD, Bibiloni R, Knauf C, Waget A, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, et al. Changes in Gut Microbiota Control Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in High-Fat Diet\u2013Induced Obesity and Diabetes in Mice. Diabetes [Internet]. American Diabetes Association; 2008 [cited 2026 Jan 23];57:1470\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DB07-1403","DOI":"10.2337\/DB07-1403"},{"key":"795_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hiippala K, Jouhten H, Ronkainen A, Hartikainen A, Kainulainen V, Jalanka J, et al. The Potential of Gut Commensals in Reinforcing Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviating Inflammation. Nutrients 2018, Vol 10, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2018 [cited 2026 Jan 23];10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU10080988","DOI":"10.3390\/NU10080988"},{"key":"795_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohammad S, Thiemermann C. Role of Metabolic Endotoxemia in Systemic Inflammation and Potential Interventions. Front Immunol [Internet]. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2021 [cited 2026 Jan 23];11:594150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2020.594150\/FULL","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2020.594150\/FULL"},{"key":"795_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lopez-Moreno J, Garcia-Carpintero S, Gomez-Delgado F, Jimenez-Lucena R, Vals-Delgado C, Alcala-Diaz JF, et al. Endotoxemia is modulated by quantity and quality of dietary fat in older adults. Exp Gerontol [Internet]. Pergamon; 2018 [cited 2026 Jan 23];109:119\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EXGER.2017.11.006","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EXGER.2017.11.006"},{"key":"795_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barber TM, Kabisch S, Pfeiffer AFH, Weickert MO. The Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Health and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023, Vol 15, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2023 [cited 2026 Jan 23];15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU15092150","DOI":"10.3390\/NU15092150"},{"key":"795_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gan Q, Song G, Fang W, Wang Y, Qi W. Fructose dose-dependently influences colon barrier function by regulation of some main physical, immune, and biological factors in rats. J Nutr Biochem [Internet]. Elsevier; 2024 [cited 2026 Jan 23];126:109582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JNUTBIO.2024.109582","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JNUTBIO.2024.109582"},{"key":"795_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park JE, Park HY, Kim YS, Park M. The Role of Diet, Additives, and Antibiotics in Metabolic Endotoxemia and Chronic Diseases. Metabolites 2024, Vol 14, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2024 [cited 2026 Jan 23];14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/METABO14120704","DOI":"10.3390\/METABO14120704"},{"key":"795_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"St\u00e4rkel P, Leclercq S, de Timary P, Schnabl B. Intestinal dysbiosis and permeability: the yin and yang in alcohol dependence and alcoholic liver disease. Clin Sci [Internet]. Portland Press; 2018 [cited 2026 Jan 23];132:199\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/CS20171055","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20171055"},{"key":"795_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khoshbin K, Camilleri M. Effects of dietary components on intestinal permeability in health and disease. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/AJPGI.00245.2020 [Internet]. American Physiological Society Bethesda, MD ; 2020 [cited 2026 Jan 23];319:G589\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/AJPGI.00245.2020","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPGI.00245.2020"},{"key":"795_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00c5berg F, Byrne CD, Pirola CJ, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 V, Sookoian S. Alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome: Clinical and epidemiological impact on liver disease. J Hepatol [Internet]. Elsevier; 2023 [cited 2026 Jan 23];78:191\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JHEP.2022.08.030","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHEP.2022.08.030"},{"key":"795_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JFF.2021.104648","volume":"85","author":"MH Do","year":"2021","unstructured":"Do MH, Lee HHL, Kim Y, Lee HB, Lee E, Park JH, et al. Corchorus olitorius L. ameliorates alcoholic liver disease by regulating gut-liver axis. J Funct Foods. 2021;85:104648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JFF.2021.104648.","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"795_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang Q, Liang Q, Balakrishnan B, Belobrajdic DP, Feng QJ, Zhang W. Role of Dietary Nutrients in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020, Vol 12, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2020 [cited 2026 Jan 25];12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU12020381","DOI":"10.3390\/NU12020381"},{"key":"795_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Angelis M, Ferrocino I, Calabrese FM, De Filippis F, Cavallo N, Siragusa S, et al. Diet influences the functions of the human intestinal microbiome. Scientific Reports 2020 10:1 [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group; 2020 [cited 2026 Jan 25];10:4247-. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-61192-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61192-y"},{"key":"795_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soliman GA. Dietary Fiber, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2019, Vol 11, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2019 [cited 2026 Jan 25];11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU11051155","DOI":"10.3390\/NU11051155"},{"key":"795_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swann OG, Kilpatrick M, Breslin M, Oddy WH. Dietary fiber and its associations with depression and inflammation. Nutr Rev [Internet]. Oxford Academic; 2020 [cited 2026 Jan 25];78:394\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/NUTRIT\/NUZ072","DOI":"10.1093\/NUTRIT\/NUZ072"},{"key":"795_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Portincasa P, Bonfrate L, Vacca M, De Angelis M, Farella I, Lanza E, et al. Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids: Implications in Glucose Homeostasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022, Vol 23, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2022 [cited 2026 Jan 25];23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS23031105","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS23031105"},{"key":"795_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Usuda H, Okamoto T, Wada K. Leaky Gut: Effect of Dietary Fiber and Fats on Microbiome and Intestinal Barrier. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, Vol 22, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2021 [cited 2026 Jan 25];22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS22147613","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS22147613"},{"key":"795_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pham VT, Calatayud M, Rotsaert C, Seifert N, Richard N, Van den Abbeele P, et al. Antioxidant Vitamins and Prebiotic FOS and XOS Differentially Shift Microbiota Composition and Function and Improve Intestinal Epithelial Barrier In Vitro. Nutrients 2021, Vol 13, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2021 [cited 2026 Jan 25];13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU13041125","DOI":"10.3390\/NU13041125"},{"key":"795_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9139","DOI":"10.3390\/NU7115459","volume":"7","author":"C Davis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davis C, Bryan J, Hodgson J, Murphy K. Definition of the Mediterranean diet; a literature review. Nutrients. 2015;7:9139\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU7115459.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"795_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seethaler B, Nguyen NK, Basrai M, Kiechle M, Walter J, Delzenne NM, et al. Short-chain fatty acids are key mediators of the favorable effects of the Mediterranean diet on intestinal barrier integrity: data from the randomized controlled LIBRE trial. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. Elsevier; 2022 [cited 2026 Jan 25];116:928\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/AJCN\/NQAC175","DOI":"10.1093\/AJCN\/NQAC175"},{"key":"795_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G17","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPGI.00063.2019","volume":"317","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Camilleri M, Lyle BJ, Madsen KL, Sonnenburg J, Verbeke K, Wu GD. Role for diet in normal gut barrier function: developing guidance within the framework of food-labeling regulations. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2019;317:G17-39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/AJPGI.00063.2019.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"795_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moss O, Keshavarzian A, Tangney C, Shawron K, Kester K, Clifford K, et al. Components of a Mediterranean Diet are Associated with Gut Permeability in Obese Adults. The FASEB Journal [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015 [cited 2026 Jan 25];29:262.2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/FASEBJ.29.1_SUPPLEMENT.262.2","DOI":"10.1096\/FASEBJ.29.1_SUPPLEMENT.262.2"},{"key":"795_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Biolato M, Manca F, Marrone G, Cefalo C, Racco S, Miggiano GA, et al. Intestinal permeability after Mediterranean diet and low-fat diet in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol [Internet]. Baishideng Publishing Group Co; 2019 [cited 2026 Jan 25];25:509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/WJG.V25.I4.509","DOI":"10.3748\/WJG.V25.I4.509"},{"key":"795_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bernardi S, Del Bo C, Marino M, Gargari G, Cherubini A, Andr\u00e9s-Lacueva C, et al. Polyphenols and Intestinal Permeability: Rationale and Future Perspectives. J Agric Food Chem [Internet]. American Chemical Society; 2019 [cited 2026 Jan 25];68:1816\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ACS.JAFC.9B02283","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.JAFC.9B02283"},{"key":"795_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sold\u00e1n M, Argal\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1 \u013d, Hadvinov\u00e1 L, Galileo B, Babjakov\u00e1 J. The Effect of Dietary Types on Gut Microbiota Composition and Development of Non-Communicable Diseases: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024, Vol 16, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2024 [cited 2026 Jan 25];16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU16183134","DOI":"10.3390\/NU16183134"},{"key":"795_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Proch\u00e1zkov\u00e1 N, Venlet N, Hansen ML, Lieberoth CB, Dragsted LO, Bahl MI, et al. Effects of a wholegrain-rich diet on markers of colonic fermentation and bowel function and their associations with the gut microbiome: a randomised controlled cross-over trial. Front Nutr [Internet]. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2023 [cited 2026 Feb 1];10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FNUT.2023.1187165\/PDF","DOI":"10.3389\/FNUT.2023.1187165\/PDF"},{"key":"795_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Osswald A, Wortmann E, Wylensek D, Kuhls S, Coleman OI, Peuker K, et al. Secondary bile acid production by gut bacteria promotes Western diet-associated colorectal cancer. Gut [Internet]. BMJ Publishing Group; 2025 [cited 2026 Jan 25];0:gutjnl-2024-332243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/GUTJNL-2024-332243","DOI":"10.1136\/GUTJNL-2024-332243"},{"key":"795_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohammadi F, Rudkowska I. Dietary Lipids, Gut Microbiota, and Their Metabolites: Insights from Recent Studies. Nutrients 2025, Vol 17, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2025 [cited 2026 Feb 1];17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU17040639","DOI":"10.3390\/NU17040639"},{"key":"795_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Z\u00f6chling A, S\u00e9neca J, Pjevac P, Au\u00f1on-Lopez A, Zebeli Q, Pignitter M, et al. Comparative analysis of dietary fiber impact on bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota composition in mice. npj Gut and Liver 2025 2:1 [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group; 2025 [cited 2026 Feb 1];2:26-. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44355-025-00041-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s44355-025-00041-z"},{"key":"795_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reuter MA, Tucker M, Marfori Z, Shishani R, Bustamante JM, Moreno R, et al. Dietary resistant starch supplementation increases gut luminal deoxycholic acid abundance in mice. Gut Microbes [Internet]. Gut Microbes; 2024 [cited 2026 Feb 1];16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2024.2315632","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2315632"},{"key":"795_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.02.004","volume":"30","author":"J Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai J, Sun L, Gonzalez FJ. Gut microbiota-derived bile acids in intestinal immunity, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Cell Host Microbe. 2022;30:289\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2022.02.004.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"795_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.02.037","volume":"39","author":"Y Wan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wan Y, Yuan J, Li J, Li H, Zhang J, Tang J, et al. Unconjugated and secondary bile acid profiles in response to higher-fat, lower-carbohydrate diet and associated with related gut microbiota: a 6-month randomized controlled-feeding trial. Clin Nutr. 2020;39:395\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.02.037.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"795_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang S, Wang Y, Sheng L, Cui W, Ma C. The effect of fecal bile acids on the incidence and risk-stratification of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep [Internet]. Sci Rep; 2025 [cited 2026 Feb 1];15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41598-024-84801-6","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598-024-84801-6"},{"key":"795_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu Q, Chen J, Jiang L, Geng T, Tian S, Liao Y, et al. Gut microbiota-derived secondary bile acids, bile acids receptor polymorphisms, and risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a cohort study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition [Internet]. Elsevier B.V.; 2024 [cited 2026 Feb 1];119:324\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.08.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.08.023"},{"key":"795_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maj MA, Burrin DG, Manjar\u00edn R. Decreased FXR Agonism in the Bile Acid Pool Is Associated with Impaired FXR Signaling in a Pig Model of Pediatric NAFLD. Biomedicines 2023, Vol 11, [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2023 [cited 2026 Feb 1];11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/BIOMEDICINES11123303","DOI":"10.3390\/BIOMEDICINES11123303"},{"issue":"1","key":"795_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S40168-023-01709-5","volume":"11","author":"H Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu H, Fang F, Wu K, Song J, Li Y, Lu X, et al. Gut microbiota-bile acid crosstalk regulates murine lipid metabolism via the intestinal FXR-FGF19 axis in diet-induced humanized dyslipidemia. Microbiome. 2023;11(1):262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S40168-023-01709-5.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"795_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NUTRES.2020.05.004","volume":"78","author":"WJ Dahl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dahl WJ, Hung WL, Ford AL, Suh JH, Auger J, Nagulesapillai V, et al. In older women, a high-protein diet including animal-sourced foods did not impact serum levels and urinary excretion of trimethylamine-N-oxide. Nutrition research (New York, NY). 2020;78:72\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NUTRES.2020.05.004.","journal-title":"Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"795_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac067","volume":"116","author":"Q Chan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan Q, Wren GM, Lau CHE, Ebbels TMD, Gibson R, Loo RL, et al. Blood pressure interactions with the DASH dietary pattern, sodium, and potassium: the International Study of Macro-\/Micronutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP). Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116:216\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac067.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"795_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marques FZ, Nelson E, Chu PY, Horlock D, Fiedler A, Ziemann M, et al. High-fiber diet and acetate supplementation change the gut microbiota and prevent the development of hypertension and heart failure in hypertensive mice. Circulation [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2017 [cited 2026 Aug 17];135:964\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024545;ISSUE:ISSUE:DOI","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024545;ISSUE:ISSUE:DOI"},{"key":"795_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaye DM, Shihata WA, Jama HA, Tsyganov K, Ziemann M, Kiriazis H, et al. Deficiency of Prebiotic Fiber and Insufficient Signaling Through Gut Metabolite-Sensing Receptors Leads to Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation [Internet]. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2020 [cited 2026 Aug 17];141:1393\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043081;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043081;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION"},{"key":"795_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heianza Y, Tiwari S, Wang X, Watrous JD, Rexrode KM, Hu FB, et al. Gut-Microbiota-Related Metabolite Phenylacetylglutamine and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease Among Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. Oxford Academic; 2025 [cited 2026 Aug 17];110:e1531\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/CLINEM\/DGAE525","DOI":"10.1210\/CLINEM\/DGAE525"},{"key":"795_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ames NJ, Barb JJ, Schuebel K, Mudra S, Meeks BK, Tuason RTS, et al. Longitudinal gut microbiome changes in alcohol use disorder are influenced by abstinence and drinking quantity. Gut Microbes [Internet]. Taylor & Francis; 2020 [cited 2026 Aug 18];11:1608\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2020.1758010","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1758010"},{"key":"795_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fang C, Zuo K, Fu Y, Li J, Wang H, Xu L, et al. Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Phenylacetylglutamine in Coronary Artery Disease Patients With Stent Stenosis. Front Cardiovasc Med [Internet]. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2022 [cited 2026 Aug 18];9:832092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FCVM.2022.832092\/TEXT","DOI":"10.3389\/FCVM.2022.832092\/TEXT"},{"key":"795_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Z, Gu M, Zaparte A, Fu X, Mahen K, Mrdjen M, et al. Alcohol-induced gut microbial reorganization and associated overproduction of phenylacetylglutamine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature Communications 2024 15:1 [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group; 2024 [cited 2026 Aug 18];15:10788-. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-55084-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55084-2"},{"key":"795_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sehgal R, de Mello VD, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 V, Lindstr\u00f6m J, Tuomilehto J, Pihlajam\u00e4ki J, et al. Indolepropionic Acid, a Gut Bacteria-Produced Tryptophan Metabolite and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2022, Vol 14, Page 4695 [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2022 [cited 2026 Aug 18];14:4695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/NU14214695","DOI":"10.3390\/NU14214695"},{"key":"795_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Menni C, Hernandez MM, Vital M, Mohney RP, Spector TD, Valdes AM. Circulating levels of the anti-oxidant indoleproprionic acid are associated with higher gut microbiome diversity. Gut Microbes [Internet]. Taylor & Francis; 2019 [cited 2026 Aug 18];10:688\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2019.1586038","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1586038"},{"key":"795_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tuomainen M, Lindstr\u00f6m J, Lehtonen M, Auriola S, Pihlajam\u00e4ki J, Peltonen M, et al. Associations of serum indolepropionic acid, a gut microbiota metabolite, with type 2 diabetes and low-grade inflammation in high-risk individuals. Nutrition & Diabetes 2018 8:1 [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group; 2018 [cited 2026 Aug 18];8:35-. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41387-018-0046-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-018-0046-9"},{"key":"795_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu W, Zhang L, Xia B, Tang S, Liu L, Xie J, et al. Bioregional Alterations in Gut Microbiome Contribute to the Plasma Metabolomic Changes in Pigs Fed with Inulin. Microorganisms 2020, Vol 8, Page 111 [Internet]. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2020 [cited 2026 Aug 18];8:111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/MICROORGANISMS8010111","DOI":"10.3390\/MICROORGANISMS8010111"},{"key":"795_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peron G, Mero\u00f1o T, Gargari G, Hidalgo-Liberona N, Mi\u00f1arro A, Lozano EV, et al. A Polyphenol-Rich Diet Increases the Gut Microbiota Metabolite Indole 3-Propionic Acid in Older Adults with Preserved Kidney Function. Mol Nutr Food Res [Internet]. John Wiley and Sons Inc; 2022 [cited 2026 Aug 18];66:2100349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/MNFR.202100349;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:15213803;PAGEGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION","DOI":"10.1002\/MNFR.202100349;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:15213803;PAGEGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION"},{"key":"795_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu C, Sawrey-Kubicek L, Beals E, Rhodes CH, Houts HE, Sacchi R, et al. Human gut microbiome composition and tryptophan metabolites were changed differently by fast food and Mediterranean diet in 4 days: a pilot study. [Internet]. Elsevier; 2020 [cited 2026 Aug 18];77:62\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NUTRES.2020.03.005","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NUTRES.2020.03.005"},{"key":"795_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI.INSIGHT.145207","author":"G Ferrere","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrere G, Alou MT, Liu P, Goubet AG, Fidelle M, Kepp O, et al. Ketogenic diet and ketone bodies enhance the anticancer effects of PD-1 blockade. JCI Insight. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI.INSIGHT.145207.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"795_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao J, Guo X, Wei W, Li R, Hu K, Liu X, et al. The Association of Fried Meat Consumption With the Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolites and Its Impact on Glucose Homoeostasis, Intestinal Endotoxin Levels, and Systemic Inflammation: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial. Diabetes Care [Internet]. American Diabetes Association; 2021 [cited 2026 Aug 18];44:1970\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC21-0099","DOI":"10.2337\/DC21-0099"},{"key":"795_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pimentel G, Burton KJ, von Ah U, B\u00fctikofer U, Pralong FP, Vionnet N, et al. Metabolic Footprinting of Fermented Milk Consumption in Serum of Healthy Men. J Nutr [Internet]. Elsevier; 2018 [cited 2026 Aug 18];148:851\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JN\/NXY053","DOI":"10.1093\/JN\/NXY053"},{"key":"795_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pellis L, van Erk MJ, van Ommen B, Bakker GCM, Hendriks HFJ, Cnubben NHP, et al. Plasma metabolomics and proteomics profiling after a postprandial challenge reveal subtle diet effects on human metabolic status. Metabolomics 2011 8:2 [Internet]. Springer; 2011 [cited 2026 Aug 18];8:347\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11306-011-0320-5","DOI":"10.1007\/S11306-011-0320-5"},{"key":"795_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim CS, Jung S, Hwang GS, Shin DM. Gut microbiota indole-3-propionic acid mediates neuroprotective effect of probiotic consumption in healthy elderly: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial and in vitro study. Clinical Nutrition [Internet]. Churchill Livingstone; 2023 [cited 2026 Aug 18];42:1025\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CLNU.2023.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CLNU.2023.04.001"},{"key":"795_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Magee EA, Richardson CJ, Hughes R, Cummings JH. Contribution of dietary protein to sulfide production in the large intestine: an in vitro and a controlled feeding study in humans. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. Elsevier; 2000 [cited 2026 Aug 18];72:1488\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/AJCN\/72.6.1488","DOI":"10.1093\/AJCN\/72.6.1488"},{"key":"795_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teigen L, Mathai PP, Lopez S, Matson M, Elkin B, Kozysa D, et al. Differential hydrogen sulfide production by a human cohort in response to animal- and plant-based diet interventions. Clinical Nutrition [Internet]. Churchill Livingstone; 2022 [cited 2026 Aug 18];41:1153\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.03.028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.03.028"},{"key":"795_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Trabue SL, Kerr BJ, Scoggin KD, Andersen DS, van Weelden M. Swine diets: Impact of carbohydrate sources on manure characteristics and gas emissions. Science of The Total Environment [Internet]. Elsevier; 2022 [cited 2026 Aug 18];825:153911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2022.153911","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2022.153911"},{"issue":"1","key":"795_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/S40104-019-0350-9","volume":"10","author":"BA Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams BA, Mikkelsen D, Flanagan BM, Gidley MJ. \u201cDietary fibre\u201d: moving beyond the \u201csoluble\/insoluble\u201d classification for monogastric nutrition, with an emphasis on humans and pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2019;10(1):45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S40104-019-0350-9.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"issue":"11","key":"795_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6903","DOI":"10.1007\/S12035-022-03004-0","volume":"59","author":"M Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao M, Cheng Y, Wang X, Cui X, Cheng X, Fu Q, et al. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity: involvement of mTOR\/IKK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Mol Neurobiol. 2022;59(11):6903\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S12035-022-03004-0.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"}],"container-title":["Current Nutrition Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13668-026-00795-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13668-026-00795-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13668-026-00795-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:36:25Z","timestamp":1788320185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13668-026-00795-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13668-026-00795-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-3311"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-3311","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"73"}}