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Emerging therapeutic approaches including live biotherapeutic products, vaginal microbiota transplantation, and male partner treatment seek to address these mechanisms beyond conventional antibiotic suppression. In contrast, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis primarily reflects host susceptibility and immune dysregulation rather than persistent infection, making long-term suppressive antifungal therapy the cornerstone of management while newer antifungal agents expand treatment options for selected patients. Persistent trichomoniasis most commonly results from reinfection or incomplete therapy, although antimicrobial resistance remains an important consideration requiring specialized diagnostic testing and alternative treatment regimens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recurrent vaginitis is a common and frustrating clinical problem that substantially impairs women\u2019s quality of life and accounts for frequent healthcare utilization. Although bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), and trichomoniasis (TV) share overlapping signs and symptoms, the mechanisms underlying recurrence differ considerably and require disease-specific management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13669-026-00494-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:07:52Z","timestamp":1792022872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Management of Recurrent Vaginitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack D.","family":"Sobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina A.","family":"Muzny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"494_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000000972","volume":"46","author":"K Peebles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peebles K, Velloza J, Balkus JE, McClelland RS, Barnabas RV. 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