{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:49:51Z","timestamp":1790347791907,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Geri Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Frailty is characterized by decreased physiological reserve and increased risk of falls, disability, hospitalization, and mortality. Frail older adults may benefit from exercise interventions targeting their multiple problems and functional deficits; however, most research focuses on center-based interventions, which may present accessibility challenges for frail older adults. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the most recently published home-based exercise interventions for frail older adults living at home.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Eight manuscripts met inclusion criteria. Research interventions consisted of a variety of modes (strength, strength\/nutrition, strength\/flexibility\/balance\/endurance), duration (12\u00a0weeks to 6\u00a0months), frequency (2\u20137\u00a0days\/week), and delivery methods (volunteer-led, videos on a tablet, manuals\/brochures). Investigators examined the effects of home-based exercise on a variety of outcomes to include feasibility, frailty status, physical performance, lean body mass, skeletal muscle mass, other physiological outcomes, mental health, nutritional status, and incidence of falls in frail.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This review demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of home-based exercise interventions to improve frailty, functional performance, nutritional status, and incidence of falls in frail older adults. However, the limited literature available provides conflicting reports regarding benefits for mental health outcomes and no evidence of a beneficial effect on skeletal muscle or lean mass. Future research is needed to shed light on the optimal components of home exercise programs most important for maximizing benefits for frail older adults, as well as the most effective delivery method.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13670-020-00326-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T05:02:51Z","timestamp":1596603771000},"page":"163-175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Home Exercise Interventions in Frail Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9052-354X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa D.","family":"Stookey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie I.","family":"Katzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"326_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.M255","volume":"59","author":"LP Fried","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: implications for improved targeting and care. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(3):255\u201363 Review.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"19","key":"326_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1212282","volume":"39","author":"G Kojima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kojima G. Frailty as a predictor of disabilities among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(19):1897\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2016.1212282Review.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"326_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx162","volume":"47","author":"G Kojima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kojima G, Iliffe S, Walters K. Frailty index as a predictor of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2018;47(2):193\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afx162.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"4","key":"326_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800412462866","volume":"15","author":"O Zaslavsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zaslavsky O, Cochrane BB, Thompson HJ, Woods NF, Herting JR, LaCroix A. Frailty: a review of the first decade of research. Biol Res Nurs. 2013;15(4):422\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1099800412462866Review.","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"key":"326_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.04.068","volume":"215","author":"V Chainani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chainani V, Shaharyar S, Dave K, Choksi V, Ravindranathan S, Hanno R, et al. Objective measures of the frailty syndrome (hand grip strength and gait speed) and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review. Int J Cardiol. 2016;215:487\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.04.068Review.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"326_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2011.06.037","volume":"54","author":"C Bilotta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bilotta C, Nicolini P, Cas\u00e8 A, Pina G, Rossi S, Vergani C. Frailty syndrome diagnosed according to the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) criteria and adverse health outcomes among community-dwelling older outpatients in Italy. A one-year prospective cohort study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(2):e23\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2011.06.037.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"10206","key":"326_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31786-6","volume":"394","author":"EO Hoogendijk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoogendijk EO, Afilalo J, Ensrud KE, Kowal P, Onder G, Fried LP. Frailty: implications for clinical practice and public health. Lancet. 2019;394(10206):1365\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31786-6Review.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"8","key":"326_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15928","volume":"67","author":"J Walston","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walston J, Bandeen-Roche K, Buta B, Bergman H, Gill TM, Morley JE, et al. Moving frailty toward clinical practice: NIA intramural frailty science symposium summary. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(8):1559\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.15928.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"326_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1273-z","volume":"23","author":"E Dent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Woodhouse L, Rodr\u00edguez-Ma\u00f1as L, Fried LP, et al. Physical frailty: ICFSR international clinical practice guidelines for identification and management. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23(9):771\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12603-019-1273-z.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"326_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.022","volume":"14","author":"JE Morley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, Anker SD, Bauer JM, Bernabei R, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):392\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.022.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"326_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","volume":"56","author":"LP Fried","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Cardiovascular health study collaborative research group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146\u201356.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"326_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-2-1","volume":"2","author":"AB Mitnitski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mitnitski AB, Graham JE, Mogilner AJ, Rockwood K. Frailty, fitness and late-life mortality in relation to chronological and biological age. BMC Geriatr. 2002;2:1.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"326_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly196","volume":"74","author":"S Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi S, Afilalo J, Lipsitz LA, Popma JJ, Khabbaz KR, Laham RJ, et al. Frailty phenotype and deficit accumulation frailty index in predicting recovery after transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019 Jul 12;74(8):1249\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/gly196.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"326_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fried LP. Interventions for human frailty: physical activity as a model. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016;6(6). doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a025916.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025916"},{"issue":"7","key":"326_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.04.018","volume":"17","author":"E Luger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luger E, Dorner TE, Haider S, Kapan A, Lackinger C, Schindler K. Effects of a home-based and volunteer-administered physical training, nutritional, and social support program on malnutrition and frailty in older persons: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(7):671.e9\u2013671.e16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.04.018.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"326_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169613","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169613","volume":"12","author":"S Haider","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022 Haider S, Dorner TE, Luger E, Kapan A, Tatze S, Lackinger C, et al. Impact of a home-based and nutritional intervention program conducted by lay-volunteers on handgrip strength in prefrail and frail older adults: a randomized Control Trial. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169613 Study describing the results of a multicomponent intervention administered by \u201cbuddies\u201d that reported the highest adherence rates and significant improvements in grip strength and balance with a home exercise\/nutrition intervention.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"326_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185879","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185879","volume":"12","author":"S Haider","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haider S, Grabovac I, Winzer E, Kapan A, Schindler KE, Lackinger C, et al. Change in inflammatory parameters in prefrail and frail persons obtaining physical training and nutritional support provided by lay volunteers: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0185879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0185879eCollection 2017.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"326_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0548-7","volume":"17","author":"A Kapan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kapan A, Winzer E, Haider S, Titze S, Schindler K, Lackinger C, et al. Impact of a lay-led home-based intervention programme on quality of life in community-dwelling pre-frail and frail older adults: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-017-0548-7.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"326_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu033","volume":"43","author":"A Clegg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clegg A, Barber S, Young J, Iliffe S, Forster A. The Home-Based Older People\u2019s Exercise (HOPE) trial: a pilot randomized controlled trial of a home-based exercise intervention for older people with frailty. Age Ageing. 2014;43(5):687\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afu033.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"326_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd14.160227","volume":"14","author":"HA Geraedts","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022 Geraedts HA, Zijlstra W, Zhang W, Spoorenberg SL, B\u00e1ez M, Far IK, et al. Home based exercise program driven by tablet application and mobility monitoring for frail older adults: feasibility and practical implications. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14:E12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5888\/pcd14.160227A study demonstrating feasibility and promise for the integration of technology to deliver home exercises to frail older adults.","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"326_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000127","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2016-000127","volume":"2","author":"K Takatori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Takatori K, Matsumoto D, Nishida M, Matsushita S, Noda T, Imamura T. Benefits of a novel concept of home-based exercise with the aim of preventing aspiration pneumonia and falls in frail older women: a pragmatic controlled trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2016;2(1):e000127 eCollection 2016.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"326_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0855-9","volume":"16","author":"TJ Hsieh","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u2022 Hsieh TJ, Su SC, Chen CW, Kang YW, Hu MH, Hsu LL, et al. Individualized home-based exercise and nutrition intervention improve frailty in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16(1):119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-019-0855-9A study reporting a significant reduction in frailty for three interventional groups (exercise only, nutrition only, and combined exercise\/nutrition) when compared with usual care controls, which demonstrate the importance of incorporating a physical activity and nutrition education for frail elderly.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"326_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-570","volume":"14","author":"HA Geraedts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geraedts HA, Zijlstra W, Zhang W, Bulstra S, Stevens M. Adherence to and effectiveness of an individually tailored home-based exercise program for frail older adults, driven by mobility monitoring: design of a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):236\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"326_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.002","volume":"27","author":"X Yao","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yao X, Li H, Leng SX. Inflammation and immune system alterations in frailty. Clin Geriatr Med. 2001;27(1):79\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.002.","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"326_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200608000-00004","volume":"29","author":"RW Bohannon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bohannon RW. Reference values for the timed up and go test: a descriptive meta-analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2006;29(2):64\u20138.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"326_CR26","unstructured":"Trends in leading causes of death. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Annual Health, Labour and Welfare. 2014:15\u201323."},{"key":"326_CR27","first-page":"37","volume":"15","author":"SE Espinoza","year":"2007","unstructured":"Espinoza SE, Fried LP. Risk factors for frailty in the older adults. Clin Geriatr. 2007;15:37\u201344.","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr"},{"key":"326_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03793.x","volume":"54","author":"Y Guigoz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Guigoz Y, Vellas B, Garry PJ. Assessing the nutritional status of the elderly: the Mini Nutritional Assessment as part of the geriatric evaluation. Nutr Rev. 1996;54:S59\u201365.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"326_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2014.06.012","volume":"60","author":"AM Picorelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Picorelli AM, Pereira LS, Pereira DS, Felicio D, Sherrington C. Adherence to exercise programs for older people is influenced by program characteristics and personal factors: a systematic review. Aust J Phys. 2014;60(3):151\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphys.2014.06.012.","journal-title":"Aust J Phys"}],"container-title":["Current Geriatrics Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13670-020-00326-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13670-020-00326-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13670-020-00326-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T23:05:26Z","timestamp":1628118326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13670-020-00326-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13670-020-00326-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2196-7865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2196-7865","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"No conflicts of interest to report. All procedures performed in these studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the position or policy of the US Department of Veterans Affairs or the US Government.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}]}}