{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T03:46:57Z","timestamp":1793764017544,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006470","name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006470","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Obes Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose of the Review<\/jats:title><jats:p>To summarize published data on the association between glucocorticoids and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), focusing on the possible pathophysiological links and related treatment considerations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glucocorticoids, commonly used for managing many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, may contribute to the development and progression of MASLD. Glucocorticoids may induce hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, thus increasing systemic and hepatic insulin resistance, a hallmark of MASLD pathogenesis. Furthermore, glucocorticoids increase adipose tissue lipolysis, and hepatic<jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>lipogenesis and decrease hepatic fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation, thus promoting MASLD development. Preclinical evidence also suggests that glucocorticoids may adversely affect hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11\u03b2-HSD1) and 5\u03b1-reductase are implicated in the link between glucocorticoids and MASLD, the former enzyme increasing and the latter reducing the glucocorticoid action on the liver. Treatment considerations exist due to the pathogenic link between glucocorticoids and MASLD. Since iatrogenic hypercortisolism is common, glucocorticoids should be used at the minimum daily dose to control the subjective disease. Furthermore, the pharmacologic inhibition of 11\u03b2-HSD1 has provided favorable results in MASLD, both in preclinical studies and early MASH clinical trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glucocorticoids are closely linked to MASLD pathophysiology, with specific clinical and therapeutic implications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-024-00556-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T20:02:46Z","timestamp":1709928166000},"page":"242-255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Role of Glucocorticoids in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9232-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stergios A.","family":"Polyzos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4325-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Targher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"556_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.003","volume":"79","author":"ME Rinella","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, Francque SM, Sanyal AJ, Kanwal F, et al. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J Hepatol. 2023;79:1542\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.003. This is the introductory consensus to the newest definition of the diseased, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), which is accompannied by new diagnostic criteria.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"556_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.11.010","volume":"52","author":"E Makri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Makri E, Goulas A, Polyzos SA. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Emerging Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Arch Med Res. 2021;52:25\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.11.010.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"556_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12407","volume":"17","author":"L Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li L, Liu DW, Yan HY, Wang ZY, Zhao SH, Wang B. Obesity is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: evidence from a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies. Obes Rev. 2016;17:510\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12407.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"556_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.01.012","volume":"65","author":"Y Fazel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fazel Y, Koenig AB, Sayiner M, Goodman ZD, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology and natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism. 2016;65:1017\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.01.012.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"556_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.014","volume":"92","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: From pathophysiology to therapeutics. Metabolism. 2019;92:82\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.014.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"556_CR6","first-page":"127","volume":"13","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Zavos C. The multi-hit process and the antagonistic roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and adiponectin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hippokratia. 2009;13:127.","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"556_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071166","volume":"12","author":"ES Makri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Makri ES, Makri E, Polyzos SA. Combination Therapies for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Pers Med. 2022;12:1166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12071166.","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"556_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.05.009","volume":"16","author":"S Larrain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Larrain S, Rinella ME. A myriad of pathways to NASH. Clin Liver Dis. 2012;16:525\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2012.05.009.","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"556_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-30106","volume":"22","author":"GC Farrell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Farrell GC. Drugs and steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis. 2002;22:185\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2002-30106.","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"556_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2174\/156652409787847191","volume":"72","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Zavos C. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the pathogenetic roles of insulin resistance and adipocytokines. Curr Mol Med. 2009;72:299\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/156652409787847191.","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"556_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.23736\/S0391-1977.16.02576-1","volume":"42","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Polyzos SA. Endocrine and metabolic disorders interplaying with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Minerva Endocrinol. 2017;42:89\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0391-1977.16.02576-1.","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154413","volume":"113","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polyzos SA, Kang ES, Tsochatzis EA, Kechagias S, Ekstedt M, Xanthakos S, et al. Commentary: Nonalcoholic or metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease? The epidemic of the 21st century in search of the most appropriate name. Metabolism. 2020;113:154413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154413.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"556_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000314319","volume":"92","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pivonello R, De Leo M, Vitale P, Cozzolino A, Simeoli C, De Martino MC, et al. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;92(Suppl 1):77\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000314319.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"556_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.23736\/s0391-1977.16.02583-9","volume":"42","author":"L Papanastasiou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papanastasiou L, Fountoulakis S, Vatalas IA. Adrenal disorders and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Minerva Endocrinol. 2017;42:151\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/s0391-1977.16.02583-9.","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(14)61375-1","volume":"386","author":"A Lacroix","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lacroix A, Feelders RA, Stratakis CA, Nieman LK. Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Lancet. 2015;386:913\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(14)61375-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"556_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16575","volume":"54","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Polyzos SA, Kechagias S, Tsochatzis E. Review article: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases - associations and treatment considerations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021;54:1013\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.16575. This is a review summarizing the close association of NAFLD with cardiovascular diseases, which refers to the first cause of death in patients with NAFLD.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"556_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ19-0205","volume":"67","author":"M Uehara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uehara M, Yamazaki H, Yoshikawa N, Kuribara-Souta A, Tanaka H. Correlation among body composition and metabolic regulation in a male mouse model of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocr J. 2020;67:21\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.EJ19-0205.","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"556_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.08.001","volume":"8","author":"U Lemke","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lemke U, Krones-Herzig A, Berriel Diaz M, Narvekar P, Ziegler A, Vegiopoulos A, et al. The glucocorticoid receptor controls hepatic dyslipidemia through Hes1. Cell Metab. 2008;8:212\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.08.001.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"556_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra103","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2004389","volume":"6","author":"JR Revollo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Revollo JR, Oakley RH, Lu NZ, Kadmiel M, Gandhavadi M, Cidlowski JA. HES1 is a master regulator of glucocorticoid receptor-dependent gene expression. Sci Signal. 2013;6:ra103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scisignal.2004389.","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"556_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqz010","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqz010","volume":"161","author":"D Ferguson","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u2022 Ferguson D, Hutson I, Tycksen E, Pietka TA, Bauerle K, Harris CA. Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Adipogenesis and Obesity in Male Mice. Endocrinol. 2020;161:bqz010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqz010. This study attributes a potential role to mineralocorticoid receptor and a mediator to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).","journal-title":"Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2121024.x","volume":"46","author":"AP Heaney","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heaney AP, Harper R, Ennis C, Rooney DP, Sheridan B, Atkinson AB, et al. Insulin action and hepatic glucose cycling in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997;46:735\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2121024.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"556_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1172\/jci116803","volume":"92","author":"MJ Saad","year":"1993","unstructured":"Saad MJ, Folli F, Kahn JA, Kahn CR. Modulation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in liver and muscle of dexamethasone-treated rats. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:2065\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci116803.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"556_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0497","volume":"19","author":"BT Vander Kooi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vander Kooi BT, Onuma H, Oeser JK, Svitek CA, Allen SR, Vander Kooi CW, et al. The glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit gene promoter contains both positive and negative glucocorticoid response elements. Mol Endocrinol. 2005;19:3001\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/me.2004-0497.","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42808-0","volume":"259","author":"TM Chan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Chan TM. The permissive effects of glucocorticoid on hepatic gluconeogenesis.\u00a0Glucagon stimulation of glucose-suppressed gluconeogenesis and inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase in hepatocytes from fasted rats. J Biol Chem. 1984;259:7426\u201332.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"556_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3360019","volume":"336","author":"M Bollen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bollen M, Keppens S, Stalmans W. Specific features of glycogen metabolism in the liver. Biochem J. 1998;336:19\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj3360019.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"556_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-115-2-625","volume":"115","author":"RN Margolis","year":"1984","unstructured":"Margolis RN, Curnow RT. Effects of dexamethasone administration on hepatic glycogen synthesis and accumulation in adrenalectomized fasted rats. Endocrinology. 1984;115:625\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo-115-2-625.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"556_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/s0026-0495(98)90184-6","volume":"47","author":"SP Weinstein","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weinstein SP, Wilson CM, Pritsker A, Cushman SW. Dexamethasone inhibits insulin-stimulated recruitment of GLUT4 to the cell surface in rat skeletal muscle. Metabolism. 1998;47:3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0026-0495(98)90184-6.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"556_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-09-1034","volume":"162","author":"DH van Raalte","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Raalte DH, Nofrate V, Bunck MC, van Iersel T, Elassaiss Schaap J, N\u00e4ssander UK, et al. Acute and 2-week exposure to prednisolone impair different aspects of beta-cell function in healthy men. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;162:729\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-09-1034.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(95)03745-4","volume":"117","author":"P Borboni","year":"1996","unstructured":"Borboni P, Porzio O, Magnaterra R, Fusco A, Sesti G, Lauro R, et al. Quantitative analysis of pancreatic glucokinase gene expression in cultured beta cells by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1996;117:175\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0303-7207(95)03745-4.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.6.3216","volume":"272","author":"S Gremlich","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gremlich S, Roduit R, Thorens B. Dexamethasone induces posttranslational degradation of GLUT2 and inhibition of insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic beta cells. Comparison with the effects of fatty acids. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:3216\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.272.6.3216.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"556_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2008-0464","volume":"23","author":"C Xu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xu C, He J, Jiang H, Zu L, Zhai W, Pu S, et al. Direct effect of glucocorticoids on lipolysis in adipocytes. Mol Endocrinol. 2009;23:1161\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/me.2008-0464.","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2014.03.004","volume":"84","author":"X Xiao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiao X, Li H, Yang J, Qi X, Zu X, Yang J, et al. Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway and lipolysis enzymes participate in methylprednisolone induced fat differential distribution between subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Steroids. 2014;84:30\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.steroids.2014.03.004.","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"556_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E84","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00205.2014","volume":"308","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Y, Yan C, Liu L, Wang W, Du H, Fan W, et al. 11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 shRNA ameliorates glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance and lipolysis in mouse abdominal adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2015;308:E84-95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00205.2014.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"556_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-094144","volume":"22","author":"M Christ-Crain","year":"2008","unstructured":"Christ-Crain M, Kola B, Lolli F, Fekete C, Seboek D, Wittmann G, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase mediates glucocorticoid-induced metabolic changes: a novel mechanism in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Faseb J. 2008;22:1672\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.07-094144.","journal-title":"Faseb j"},{"key":"556_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1297","volume":"93","author":"B Kola","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kola B, Christ-Crain M, Lolli F, Arnaldi G, Giacchetti G, Boscaro M, et al. Changes in adenosine 5\u2019-monophosphate-activated protein kinase as a mechanism of visceral obesity in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4969\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-1297.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"556_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1141","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1997.272.5.G1141","volume":"272","author":"P Lett\u00e9ron","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lett\u00e9ron P, Brahimi-Bourouina N, Robin MA, Moreau A, Feldmann G, Pessayre D. Glucocorticoids inhibit mitochondrial matrix acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:G1141\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.1997.272.5.G1141.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"556_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9213","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.006259","volume":"294","author":"TC Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen TC, Lee RA, Tsai SL, Kanamaluru D, Gray NE, Yiv N, et al. An ANGPTL4-ceramide-protein kinase C\u03b6 axis mediates chronic glucocorticoid exposure-induced hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia in mice. J Biol Chem. 2019;294:9213\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.RA118.006259.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"556_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1159\/000314213","volume":"92","author":"G Arnaldi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arnaldi G, Scandali VM, Trementino L, Cardinaletti M, Appolloni G, Boscaro M. Pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;92(Suppl 1):86\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000314213.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"556_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066285","volume":"294","author":"H Masuzaki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, Morton NM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, et al. A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science. 2001;294:2166\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1066285.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"556_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7088","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305524101","volume":"101","author":"JM Paterson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Paterson JM, Morton NM, Fievet C, Kenyon CJ, Holmes MC, Staels B, et al. Metabolic syndrome without obesity: Hepatic overexpression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:7088\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0305524101.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"556_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.12.003","volume":"93","author":"A Abulizi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abulizi A, Camporez JP, Zhang D, Samuel VT, Shulman GI, Vatner DF. Ectopic lipid deposition mediates insulin resistance in adipose specific 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 transgenic mice. Metabolism. 2019;93:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.12.003.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"556_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2482","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323681111","volume":"111","author":"SA Morgan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morgan SA, McCabe EL, Gathercole LL, Hassan-Smith ZK, Larner DP, Bujalska IJ, et al. 11\u03b2-HSD1 is the major regulator of the tissue-specific effects of circulating glucocorticoid excess. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:E2482\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1323681111.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"556_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.42376","volume":"18","author":"M Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu M, Han T, Pan Q, Ni D, Gao F, Wang L, et al. The GR-gp78 Pathway is involved in Hepatic Lipid Accumulation Induced by Overexpression of 11\u03b2-HSD1. Int J Biol Sci. 2022;18:3107\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijbs.42376.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"556_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02685.x","volume":"32","author":"R Candia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Candia R, Riquelme A, Baudrand R, Carvajal CA, Morales M, Sol\u00eds N, et al. Overexpression of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in visceral adipose tissue and portal hypercortisolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2012;32:392\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02685.x.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"556_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029531","volume":"7","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Rabbitt E, Brady T, Brown C, Guest P, Bujalska IJ, et al. A switch in hepatic cortisol metabolism across the spectrum of non alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e29531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0029531.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"556_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1172\/jci116665","volume":"92","author":"AE Thigpen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Thigpen AE, Silver RI, Guileyardo JM, Casey ML, McConnell JD, Russell DW. Tissue distribution and ontogeny of steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozyme expression. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:903\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci116665.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"556_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4536","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1592","volume":"154","author":"JK Dowman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dowman JK, Hopkins LJ, Reynolds GM, Armstrong MJ, Nasiri M, Nikolaou N, et al. Loss of 5\u03b1-reductase type 1 accelerates the development of hepatic steatosis but protects against hepatocellular carcinoma in male mice. Endocrinol. 2013;154:4536\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2013-1592.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"556_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0249","volume":"64","author":"DE Livingstone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Livingstone DE, Barat P, Di Rollo EM, Rees GA, Weldin BA, Rog-Zielinska EA, et al. 5\u03b1-Reductase type 1 deficiency or inhibition predisposes to insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and liver fibrosis in rodents. Diabetes. 2015;64:447\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db14-0249.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"556_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.153947","volume":"99","author":"N Nikolaou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nikolaou N, Gathercole LL, Marchand L, Althari S, Dempster NJ, Green CJ, et al. AKR1D1 is a novel regulator of metabolic phenotype in human hepatocytes and is dysregulated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism. 2019;99:67\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.153947.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"556_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31824587e0","volume":"46","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Zavos C, Deretzi G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Multimodal treatment options for a pathogenetically multiple-hit disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46:272\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31824587e0.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"556_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.10.010","volume":"63","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. Necessity for timely noninvasive diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism. 2014;63:161\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.10.010.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"556_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25776","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.752311","volume":"291","author":"JS Marino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marino JS, Stechschulte LA, Stec DE, Nestor-Kalinoski A, Coleman S, Hinds TD Jr. Glucocorticoid Receptor \u03b2 Induces Hepatic Steatosis by Augmenting Inflammation and Inhibition of the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR) \u03b1. J Biol Chem. 2016;291:25776\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M116.752311.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"556_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00519-y","volume":"12","author":"ID Vachliotis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vachliotis ID, Polyzos SA. The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12:191\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13679-023-00519-y.","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"556_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2017.1381840","volume":"20","author":"A Corona-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corona-P\u00e9rez A, D\u00edaz-Mu\u00f1oz M, Cuevas-Romero E, Luna-Moreno D, Valente-God\u00ednez H, V\u00e1zquez-Mart\u00ednez O, et al. Interactive effects of chronic stress and a high-sucrose diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver in young adult male rats. Stress. 2017;20:608\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10253890.2017.1381840.","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"556_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05452-x","volume":"13","author":"SY Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee SY, Kim S, Choi I, Song Y, Kim N, Ryu HC, et al. Inhibition of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 relieves fibrosis through depolarizing of hepatic stellate cell in NASH. Cell Death Dis. 2022;13:1011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-022-05452-x.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"556_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112358","volume":"14","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Y, Li J, Zhang M, Yang W, Qin W, Zheng Q, et al. 11\u03b2-HSD1 Inhibitor Alleviates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Activating the AMPK\/SIRT1 Signaling Pathway. Nutrients. 2022;14:2358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14112358.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"556_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.880298","volume":"13","author":"Y Duan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duan Y, Pan X, Luo J, Xiao X, Li J, Bestman PL, et al. Association of Inflammatory Cytokines With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Immunol. 2022;13:880298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.880298.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"556_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13114","volume":"34","author":"E Valassi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valassi E. Clinical presentation and etiology of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: Data from ERCUSYN. J Neuroendocrinol. 2022;34:e13114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.13114.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161117666190405164313","volume":"18","author":"VG Athyros","year":"2020","unstructured":"Athyros VG, Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Katsiki N, Anagnostis P, Doumas M, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; new kids on the block. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2020;18:172\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570161117666190405164313.","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"556_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7159696","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7159696","volume":"2019","author":"J Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou J, Zhang M, Bai X, Cui S, Pang C, Lu L, et al. Demographic Characteristics, Etiology, and Comorbidities of Patients with Cushing\u2019s Syndrome: A 10-Year Retrospective Study at a Large General Hospital in China. Int J Endocrinol. 2019;2019:7159696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/7159696.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.05.003","volume":"65","author":"N Katsiki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Mantzoros CS. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia: An update. Metabolism. 2016;65:1109\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.05.003.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"556_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13143","volume":"34","author":"R Salehidoost","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salehidoost R, Korbonits M. Glucose and lipid metabolism abnormalities in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Neuroendocrinol. 2022;34:e13143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.13143.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR63","first-page":"229","volume":"33","author":"J Kaspareit-Rittinghausen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kaspareit-Rittinghausen J, Hense S, Deerberg F. Cushing\u2019s syndrome- and disease-like lesions in rats. Z Versuchstierkd. 1990;33:229\u201334.","journal-title":"Z Versuchstierkd"},{"key":"556_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E54","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12568","volume":"60","author":"A Carloni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carloni A, Paninarova M, Cavina D, Romanucci M, Salda LD, Teodori S, et al. Negative hepatic computed tomographic attenuation pattern in a dog with vacuolar hepatopathy and hepatic fat accumulation secondary to cushing\u2019s syndrome. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2019;60:E54\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vru.12568.","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"556_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(24)00530-5","volume":"55","author":"J Ludwig","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo ClinProc. 1980;55:434\u20138.","journal-title":"Mayo ClinProc"},{"key":"556_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1983.00350080127029","volume":"143","author":"CD Christian Jr","year":"1983","unstructured":"Christian CD Jr, Schneider RP. Fatty tumor of the liver in a patient with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1983;143:1605\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"556_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490543","volume":"149","author":"AG Rockall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rockall AG, Sohaib SA, Evans D, Kaltsas G, Isidori AM, Monson JP, et al. Hepatic steatosis in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a radiological assessment using computed tomography. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149:543\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1490543.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/949620","volume":"2015","author":"X Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu X, Zhu X, Zeng M, Zhuang Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, et al. Gender-Specific Differences in Clinical Profile and Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Cushing\u2019s Disease: A Single Center Experience. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:949620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/949620.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-022-00369-8","volume":"21","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Polyzos SA, Lambrinoudaki I, Goulis DG. Menopausal hormone therapy in women with dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hormones (Athens). 2022;21:375\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42000-022-00369-8.","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"key":"556_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0726-1","volume":"19","author":"MK Auer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Auer MK, Stalla GK, Stieg MR. Investigating the role of cortisol and growth hormone in fatty liver development: fatty liver index in patients with pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2016;19:461\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-016-0726-1.","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"556_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6637396","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6637396","volume":"2023","author":"K Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen K, Chen L, Dai J, Ye H. MAFLD in Patients with Cushing\u2019s Disease Is Negatively Associated with Low Free Thyroxine Levels Rather than with Cortisol or TSH Levels. Int J Endocrinol. 2023;2023:6637396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/6637396.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2019.0220","volume":"12","author":"A G\u00fcven","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00fcven A. Different Potent Glucocorticoids, Different Routes of Exposure but the Same Result: Iatrogenic Cushing\u2019s Syndrome and Adrenal Insufficiency. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2020;12:383\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2019.0220.","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17158","volume":"56","author":"L Henry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Henry L, Paik J, Younossi ZM. Review article: the epidemiologic burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease across the world. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022;56:942\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.17158.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"556_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.021","volume":"71","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Golabi P, de Avila L, Minhui Paik J, Srishord M, Fukui N, et al. The Global Epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in Patients with type 2 diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2019;71:793\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.021.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"556_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6735","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i40.6735","volume":"19","author":"G Tarantino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tarantino G, Finelli C. Pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis: the link between hypercortisolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:6735\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v19.i40.6735.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"556_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02466.x","volume":"64","author":"G Targher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Targher G, Bertolini L, Rodella S, Zoppini G, Zenari L, Falezza G. Associations between liver histology and cortisol secretion in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;64:337\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"556_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01583.x","volume":"22","author":"G Targher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Targher G, Bertolini L, Zoppini G, Zenari L, Falezza G. Relationship of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis to cortisol secretion in diet-controlled Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2005;22:1146\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01583.x.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"556_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030596","volume":"88","author":"J Westerbacka","year":"2003","unstructured":"Westerbacka J, Yki-J\u00e4rvinen H, Vehkavaara S, H\u00e4kkinen AM, Andrew R, Wake DJ, et al. Body fat distribution and cortisol metabolism in healthy men: enhanced 5beta-reductase and lower cortisol\/cortisone metabolite ratios in men with fatty liver. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4924\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-030596.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"556_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21803","volume":"46","author":"O Cheung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cheung O, Kapoor A, Puri P, Sistrun S, Luketic VA, Sargeant CC, et al. The impact of fat distribution on the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Hepatology. 2007;46:1091\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.21803.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"556_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21908","volume":"46","author":"G Targher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Targher G. \u201cBuffalo\u201d hump in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2007;46:1311\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.21908.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"556_CR81","first-page":"512","volume":"32","author":"EG Holland","year":"1991","unstructured":"Holland EG, Taylor AT. Glucocorticoids in clinical practice. J Fam Pract. 1991;32:512\u20139.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"556_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050119","volume":"202","author":"A Hermanowski-Vosatka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hermanowski-Vosatka A, Balkovec JM, Cheng K, Chen HY, Hernandez M, Koo GC, et al. 11beta-HSD1 inhibition ameliorates metabolic syndrome and prevents progression of atherosclerosis in mice. J Exp Med. 2005;202:517\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20050119.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"556_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2315","volume":"33","author":"J Rosenstock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rosenstock J, Banarer S, Fonseca VA, Inzucchi SE, Sun W, Yao W, et al. The 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor INCB13739 improves hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by metformin monotherapy. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1516\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc09-2315.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"556_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12317","volume":"16","author":"T Heise","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heise T, Morrow L, Hompesch M, H\u00e4ring HU, Kapitza C, Abt M, et al. Safety, efficacy and weight effect of two 11\u03b2-HSD1 inhibitors in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16:1070\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.12317.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"556_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14932","volume":"25","author":"S Bianzano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bianzano S, Nordaby M, Plum-M\u00f6rschel L, Peil B, Heise T. Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics following once-daily doses of BI 187004, an inhibitor of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1, over 28 days in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight or obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25:832\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.14932.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"556_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(13)70170-0","volume":"2","author":"N Stefan","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Stefan N, Ramsauer M, Jordan P, Nowotny B, Kantartzis K, Machann J, et al. Inhibition of 11\u03b2-HSD1 with RO5093151 for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:406\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(13)70170-0. This is an RCT on the effects of an 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 inhibitor in patients with MASLD.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14646","volume":"24","author":"Y Yadav","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Yadav Y, Dunagan K, Khot R, Venkatesh SK, Port J, Galderisi A, et al. Inhibition of 11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 with AZD4017 in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24:881\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.14646. This is an RCT on the effects of an 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 inhibitor in patients with MASLD.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"556_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17726","volume":"58","author":"Y Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Kim Y, Lee SR, Lee SW. First in human randomised trial of J2H\u20131702: A novel 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2023;58:1132\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.17726. This is a study on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of an 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 inhibitor, which may be a potential candidate in clinical trials of patients with MASLD.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"556_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6161348","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6161348","volume":"2017","author":"E Ragucci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ragucci E, Nguyen D, Lamerson M, Moraitis AG. Effects of Mifepristone on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Patient with a Cortisol-Secreting Adrenal Adenoma. Case Rep Endocrinol. 2017;2017:6161348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/6161348.","journal-title":"Case Rep Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aace.2021.07.001","volume":"8","author":"JC Parker","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u2022 Parker JC, Moraitis AG, Belanoff JK. Biochemical and Radiological Changes in Liver Steatosis Following Mifepristone Treatment in Patients With Hypercortisolism. AACE Clin Case Rep. 2022;8:25\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aace.2021.07.001. This is an article highlighting the effects of mifepistone on hepatic steatosis.","journal-title":"AACE Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"556_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G760","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00030.2014","volume":"307","author":"DP Macfarlane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Macfarlane DP, Raubenheimer PJ, Preston T, Gray CD, Bastin ME, Marshall I, et al. Effects of acute glucocorticoid blockade on metabolic dysfunction in patients with Type 2 diabetes with and without fatty liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014;307:G760\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00030.2014.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"556_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-020-00105-4","volume":"6","author":"DR Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown DR, East HE, Eilerman BS, Gordon MB, King EE, Knecht LA, et al. Clinical management of patients with Cushing syndrome treated with mifepristone: consensus recommendations. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;6:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40842-020-00105-4.","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(18)30155-4","volume":"7","author":"RA Feelders","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feelders RA, Newell-Price J, Pivonello R, Nieman LK, Hofland LJ, Lacroix A. Advances in the medical treatment of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7:300\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(18)30155-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"556_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14636","volume":"597","author":"F Shao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shao F, Deng H, Zhang W, Ren Z, Kang Z, Ding Z, et al. Loss of EGFR contributes to high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. FEBS Lett. 2023;597:1503\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1873-3468.14636.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"556_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24410","volume":"82","author":"R Jin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin R, Forbes C, Miller NL, Strand D, Case T, Cates JM, et al. Glucocorticoids are induced while dihydrotestosterone levels are suppressed in 5-alpha reductase inhibitor treated human benign prostate hyperplasia patients. Prostate. 2022;82:1378\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pros.24410.","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"556_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2928","volume":"101","author":"JM Hazlehurst","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hazlehurst JM, Oprescu AI, Nikolaou N, Di Guida R, Grinbergs AE, Davies NP, et al. Dual-5\u03b1-Reductase Inhibition Promotes Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:103\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-2928.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"556_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.200012","volume":"38","author":"AM Traish","year":"2020","unstructured":"Traish AM. Health Risks Associated with Long-Term Finasteride and Dutasteride Use: It\u2019s Time to Sound the Alarm. World J Mens Health. 2020;38:323\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5534\/wjmh.200012.","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"}],"container-title":["Current Obesity Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13679-024-00556-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13679-024-00556-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13679-024-00556-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T01:20:41Z","timestamp":1731547241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13679-024-00556-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13679-024-00556-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-4968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-4968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}]}}