{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:50:19Z","timestamp":1790704219978,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005187","name":"University of Athens","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005187","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Obes Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The gastrointestinal tract acts as an endocrine organ, releasing hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis, appetite, energy expenditure, and gastrointestinal motility. In type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity, this finely tuned hormonal system is disrupted, contributing to metabolic dysfunction. This review summarizes current evidence on fasting and postprandial responses to mixed-meal tests (MMT) and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) of proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs), orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones, and less frequently studied gastrointestinal peptides in individuals with T2DM and obesity compared with healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies demonstrate that while GLP-1 levels are often preserved, its insulinotropic and glucagonostatic actions are impaired in T2DM and obesity. GIP secretion is maintained or increased but exhibits reduced biological efficacy. Oxyntomodulin and GLP-2 show blunted postprandial responses, whereas glicentin, GRPP, and MPGF remain poorly characterized but appear dysregulated. PYY is reduced in obesity and shows impaired postprandial rises in T2DM, while PP is frequently elevated in T2DM. CCK resistance may diminish satiety signaling, though secretion data are inconsistent. Secretin and amylin exhibit complex, stage-specific alterations, whereas ghrelin and obestatin are typically reduced in both conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gut hormone alterations in T2DM and obesity include both adaptive and pathogenic features, reflecting disruptions across multiple peptide systems. Standardization of peptide measurements and deeper investigation into their mechanistic roles will be essential for advancing precision-based interventions targeting gastrointestinal hormones in metabolic disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-026-00687-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:58:29Z","timestamp":1769151509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gut Peptide Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6805-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Tzeravini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8481-3678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stamatia","family":"Simati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7560-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioanna A.","family":"Anastasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7008-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Dalamaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5491-2545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kokkinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"687_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0168-8","volume":"15","author":"FM Gribble","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gribble FM, Reimann F. Function and mechanisms of enteroendocrine cells and gut hormones in metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15:226\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-019-0168-8.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"687_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","volume":"30","author":"TD Muller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, D\u2019Alessio D, Drucker DJ, Flatt PR, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab. 2019;30:72\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.054","volume":"132","author":"LL Baggio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2131\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.054.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"687_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689678","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.689678","volume":"12","author":"RA Lafferty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lafferty RA, O\u2019Harte FPM, Irwin N, Gault VA, Flatt PR. Proglucagon-derived peptides as therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:689678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.689678.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"687_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2014","volume":"95","author":"DA Sandoval","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sandoval DA, D\u2019Alessio DA. Physiology of proglucagon peptides: role of glucagon and GLP-1 in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2015;95:513\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00013.2014.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"687_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab150","author":"M Bethea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bethea M, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Sandoval DA. Preproglucagon products and their respective roles regulating insulin secretion. Endocrinology. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqab150.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"687_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2007.09.011","volume":"145","author":"H Ueno","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ueno H, Yamaguchi H, Mizuta M, Nakazato M. The role of PYY in feeding regulation. Regul Pept. 2008;145:12\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.regpep.2007.09.011.","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"687_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834eb77d","volume":"19","author":"GJ Dockray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dockray GJ. Cholecystokinin. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2012;19:8\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834eb77d.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"687_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.06.028","volume":"418","author":"N Khandekar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khandekar N, Berning BA, Sainsbury A, Lin S. The role of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;418(1):33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2015.06.028.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"687_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.105965","volume":"172","author":"TA Lutz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lutz TA. Creating the amylin story. Appetite. 2022;172:105965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2022.105965.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"687_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2004","volume":"85","author":"M Kojima","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kojima M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin: structure and function. Physiol Rev. 2005;85:495\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00012.2004.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"687_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12705","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12705","volume":"31","author":"SM Gray","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gray SM, Page LC, Tong J. Ghrelin regulation of glucose metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol. 2019;31:e12705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.12705.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"687_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.07.031","volume":"28","author":"D Boey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boey D, Sainsbury A, Herzog H. The role of peptide YY in regulating glucose homeostasis. Peptides. 2007;28:390\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.07.031.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"687_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01549.x","volume":"14","author":"FK Knop","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knop FK, Aaboe K, Vilsboll T, Volund A, Holst JJ, Krarup T, et al. Impaired incretin effect and fasting hyperglucagonaemia characterizing type 2 diabetic subjects are early signs of dysmetabolism in obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:500\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01549.x.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"687_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0878-6","volume":"45","author":"T Vilsboll","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vilsboll T, Krarup T, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Defective amplification of the late phase insulin response to glucose by GIP in obese type II diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2002;45:1111\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-002-0878-6.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110636","volume":"199","author":"C Hoffmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoffmann C, Schwarz PE, Mantzoros CS, Birkenfeld AL, Wolfrum C, Solimena M, et al. Circulating levels of gastrointestinal hormones in prediabetes reversing to normoglycemia or progressing to diabetes in a year-a cross-sectional and prospective analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023;199:110636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110636.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"687_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.03.034","volume":"7","author":"NJ Wewer Albrechtsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Hornburg D, Albrechtsen R, Svendsen B, Torang S, Jepsen SL, et al. Oxyntomodulin identified as a marker of type 2 diabetes and gastric bypass surgery by mass-spectrometry based profiling of human plasma. EBioMedicine. 2016;7:112\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.03.034.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"687_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2014","volume":"97","author":"RE Steinert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, Horowitz M, Beglinger C, Geary N. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3\u201336): secretory controls and physiological roles in eating and glycemia in health, obesity, and after RYGB. Physiol Rev. 2017;97:411\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00031.2014.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"687_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031572","volume":"89","author":"T McLaughlin","year":"2004","unstructured":"McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Frayo RS, Cummings DE. Plasma ghrelin concentrations are decreased in insulin-resistant obese adults relative to equally obese insulin-sensitive controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1630\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-031572.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00025.2016","volume":"97","author":"TD Muller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muller TD, Finan B, Clemmensen C, DiMarchi RD, Tschop MH. The new biology and pharmacology of glucagon. Physiol Rev. 2017;97:721\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00025.2016.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"687_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.06.010","volume":"106","author":"D Bataille","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bataille D, Dalle S. The forgotten members of the glucagon family. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;106:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.06.010.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"687_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0240","volume":"65","author":"K Faerch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Faerch K, Vistisen D, Pacini G, Torekov SS, Johansen NB, Witte DR, et al. Insulin resistance is accompanied by increased fasting glucagon and delayed glucagon suppression in individuals with normal and impaired glucose regulation. Diabetes. 2016;65:3473\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db16-0240.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.8.1367","volume":"49","author":"A Gastaldelli","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gastaldelli A, Baldi S, Pettiti M, Toschi E, Camastra S, Natali A, et al. Influence of obesity and type 2 diabetes on gluconeogenesis and glucose output in humans: a quantitative study. Diabetes. 2000;49:1367\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.49.8.1367.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab019","volume":"106","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen X, Maldonado E, DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D. Impaired suppression of glucagon in obese subjects parallels decline in insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:1398\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab019.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0566-z","volume":"50","author":"FK Knop","year":"2007","unstructured":"Knop FK, Vilsboll T, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, Krarup T. Inappropriate suppression of glucagon during OGTT but not during isoglycaemic i.v. glucose infusion contributes to the reduced incretin effect in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2007;50:797\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-006-0566-z.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12030466","author":"M Brunner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brunner M, Moser O, Raml R, Haberlander M, Boulgaropoulos B, Obermayer-Pietsch B, et al. Assessment of two different glucagon assays in healthy individuals and type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients. Biomolecules. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12030466.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"687_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3264-2","volume":"57","author":"JI Bagger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bagger JI, Knop FK, Lund A, Holst JJ, Vilsboll T. Glucagon responses to increasing oral loads of glucose and corresponding isoglycaemic intravenous glucose infusions in patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals. Diabetologia. 2014;57:1720\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-014-3264-2.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0372","volume":"66","author":"R Ichikawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ichikawa R, Takano K, Fujimoto K, Motomiya T, Kobayashi M, Kitamura T, et al. Basal glucagon hypersecretion and response to oral glucose load in prediabetes and mild type 2 diabetes. Endocr J. 2019;66:663\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0372.","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"687_CR29","unstructured":"Wahid M, Naveed AK, Hussain I. Insulin and glucagon ratio in the patho-physiology of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic diabetes. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2006; 16: 11\u2009\u2212\u20094. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16441980."},{"key":"687_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(73)90083-1","volume":"54","author":"WA Muller","year":"1973","unstructured":"Muller WA, Faloona GR, Unger RH. Hyperglucagonemia in diabetic ketoacidosis. Its prevalence and significance. Am J Med. 1973;54:52\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9343(73)90083-1.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"687_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-46-3-504","volume":"46","author":"A Ohneda","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ohneda A, Watanabe K, Horigome K, Sakai T, Kai Y, Oikawa S. Abnormal response of pancreatic glucagon to glycemic changes in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;46:504\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-46-3-504.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(72)92964-9","volume":"2","author":"KD Buchanan","year":"1972","unstructured":"Buchanan KD, McCarroll AM. Abnormalities of glucagon metabolism in untreated diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 1972;2:1394\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(72)92964-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"687_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-0951-x","volume":"51","author":"K Faerch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Faerch K, Vaag A, Holst JJ, Glumer C, Pedersen O, Borch-Johnsen K. Impaired fasting glycaemia vs impaired glucose tolerance: similar impairment of pancreatic alpha and beta cell function but differential roles of incretin hormones and insulin action. Diabetologia. 2008;51:853\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-008-0951-x.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1315","volume":"57","author":"E Muscelli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muscelli E, Mari A, Casolaro A, Camastra S, Seghieri G, Gastaldelli A, et al. Separate impact of obesity and glucose tolerance on the incretin effect in normal subjects and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2008;57:1340\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db07-1315.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.5.650","volume":"23","author":"H Larsson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Larsson H, Ahren B. Islet dysfunction in insulin resistance involves impaired insulin secretion and increased glucagon secretion in postmenopausal women with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:650\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.23.5.650.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"687_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.02.011","volume":"42","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Schafer SM, Kabisch S, Csanalosi M, Schuppelius B, Kemper M, et al. Implication of sugar, protein and incretins in excessive glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetes after mixed meals. Clin Nutr. 2023;42:467\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.02.011.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"687_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.8.7750","volume":"86","author":"MB Toft-Nielsen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Toft-Nielsen MB, Damholt MB, Madsbad S, Hilsted LM, Hughes TE, Michelsen BK, et al. Determinants of the impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3717\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.86.8.7750.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E67","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00529.2004","volume":"290","author":"HJ Woerle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Woerle HJ, Szoke E, Meyer C, Dostou JM, Wittlin SD, Gosmanov NR, et al. Mechanisms for abnormal postprandial glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;290:E67\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00529.2004.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0251","volume":"60","author":"BA Menge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Menge BA, Gruber L, Jorgensen SM, Deacon CF, Schmidt WE, Veldhuis JD, et al. Loss of inverse relationship between pulsatile insulin and glucagon secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2011;60:2160\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db11-0251.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0056-8","volume":"49","author":"B Ahren","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ahren B. Glucagon secretion in relation to insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects. Diabetologia. 2006;49:117\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-005-0056-8.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0806-x","volume":"50","author":"E Ferrannini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ferrannini E, Muscelli E, Natali A, Gabriel R, Mitrakou A, Flyvbjerg A, et al. Association of fasting glucagon and proinsulin concentrations with insulin resistance. Diabetologia. 2007;50:2342\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-007-0806-x.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0354","volume":"66","author":"R Wagner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wagner R, Hakaste LH, Ahlqvist E, Heni M, Machann J, Schick F, et al. Nonsuppressed glucagon after glucose challenge as a potential predictor for glucose tolerance. Diabetes. 2017;66:1373\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db16-0354.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1158","volume":"58","author":"B Ahren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahren B. Beta- and alpha-cell dysfunction in subjects developing impaired glucose tolerance: outcome of a 12-year prospective study in postmenopausal Caucasian women. Diabetes. 2009;58:726\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db08-1158.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050029","volume":"43","author":"H Larsson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Larsson H, Ahren B. Glucose intolerance is predicted by low insulin secretion and high glucagon secretion: outcome of a prospective study in postmenopausal Caucasian women. Diabetologia. 2000;43:194\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001250050029.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115012","volume":"87","author":"C Orskov","year":"1991","unstructured":"Orskov C, Jeppesen J, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Proglucagon products in plasma of noninsulin-dependent diabetics and nondiabetic controls in the fasting state and after oral glucose and intravenous arginine. J Clin Invest. 1991;87:415\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI115012.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"687_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.27.2.121","volume":"27","author":"P Felig","year":"1978","unstructured":"Felig P, Wahren J, Hendler R. Influence of maturity-onset diabetes on splanchnic glucose balance after oral glucose ingestion. Diabetes. 1978;27:121\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.27.2.121.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0321","volume":"62","author":"S Camastra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Camastra S, Muscelli E, Gastaldelli A, Holst JJ, Astiarraga B, Baldi S, et al. Long-term effects of bariatric surgery on meal disposal and beta-cell function in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Diabetes. 2013;62:3709\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db13-0321.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.11.6993","volume":"85","author":"P Shah","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shah P, Vella A, Basu A, Basu R, Schwenk WF, Rizza RA. Lack of suppression of glucagon contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:4053\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.11.6993.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcte.2018.12.005","volume":"15","author":"MM Adeva-Andany","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adeva-Andany MM, Funcasta-Calderon R, Fernandez-Fernandez C, Castro-Quintela E, Carneiro-Freire N. Metabolic effects of glucagon in humans. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2019;15:45\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcte.2018.12.005.","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"687_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.3.757","volume":"54","author":"B Raju","year":"2005","unstructured":"Raju B, Cryer PE. Loss of the decrement in intraislet insulin plausibly explains loss of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia in insulin-deficient diabetes: documentation of the intraislet insulin hypothesis in humans. Diabetes. 2005;54:757\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.54.3.757.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0715","volume":"69","author":"MP Suppli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suppli MP, Bagger JI, Lund A, Demant M, van Hall G, Strandberg C, et al. Glucagon resistance at the level of amino acid turnover in obese subjects with hepatic steatosis. Diabetes. 2020;69:1090\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db19-0715.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.06.026","volume":"42","author":"K Stefanakis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stefanakis K, Kokkinos A, Simati S, Argyrakopoulou G, Konstantinidou SK, Kouvari M, et al. Circulating levels of all proglucagon-derived peptides are differentially regulated postprandially by obesity status and in response to high-fat meals vs. high-carbohydrate meals. Clin Nutr. 2023;42:1369\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.06.026.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"687_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58942","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.58942","volume":"16","author":"JA Lyngdoh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lyngdoh JA, Chutia H, Sundaram SP, Lakshmi V, Ruram A, Lynrah KG. Insulin:Glucagon bipolar axis in obesity with a glimpse into its association with insulin resistance in different glucose tolerance states. Cureus. 2024;16:e58942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.58942.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"687_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.07.001","volume":"41","author":"N Perakakis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perakakis N, Kokkinos A, Angelidi AM, Tsilingiris D, Gavrieli A, Yannakoulia M, et al. Circulating levels of five proglucagon-derived peptides in response to intravenous or oral glucose or lipids and to a mixed-meal in subjects with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. Clin Nutr. 2022;41:1969\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.07.001.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"687_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0201","volume":"243","author":"JH Stern","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stern JH, Smith GI, Chen S, Unger RH, Klein S, Scherer PE. Obesity dysregulates fasting-induced changes in glucagon secretion. J Endocrinol. 2019;243:149\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-19-0201.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"687_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.33.3.277","volume":"33","author":"AA Starke","year":"1984","unstructured":"Starke AA, Erhardt G, Berger M, Zimmermann H. Elevated pancreatic glucagon in obesity. Diabetes. 1984;33:277\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.33.3.277.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.09.018","volume":"100","author":"JJ Holst","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holst JJ, Albrechtsen NJW, Gabe MBN, Rosenkilde MM. Oxyntomodulin: actions and role in diabetes. Peptides. 2018;100:48\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.09.018.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"687_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2013.12.001","volume":"3","author":"A Pocai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pocai A. Action and therapeutic potential of oxyntomodulin. Mol Metab. 2014;3:241\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2013.12.001.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-1331","volume":"67","author":"SS Shankar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shankar SS, Shankar RR, Mixson LA, Miller DL, Pramanik B, O\u2019Dowd AK, et al. Native oxyntomodulin has significant glucoregulatory effects independent of weight loss in obese humans with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2018;67:1105\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db17-1331.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803344","volume":"30","author":"K Wynne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wynne K, Park AJ, Small CJ, Meeran K, Ghatei MA, Frost GS, et al. Oxyntomodulin increases energy expenditure in addition to decreasing energy intake in overweight and obese humans: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:1729\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803344.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"687_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2018.04.008","volume":"104","author":"R Scott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scott R, Minnion J, Tan T, Bloom SR. Oxyntomodulin analogue increases energy expenditure via the glucagon receptor. Peptides. 2018;104:70\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2018.04.008.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"687_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2017.034","volume":"27","author":"J Raffort","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raffort J, Lareyre F, Massalou D, Fenichel P, Panaia-Ferrari P, Chinetti G. Insights on glicentin, a promising peptide of the proglucagon family. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2017;27:308\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11613\/BM.2017.034.","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"key":"687_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00628.x","volume":"17","author":"SE Ayachi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ayachi SE, Borie F, Magous R, Sasaki K, le Nguyen D, Bali JP, et al. Contraction induced by Glicentin on smooth muscle cells from the human colon is abolished by Exendin (9\u201339). Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2005;17:302\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00628.x.","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"687_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14315","volume":"23","author":"N Perakakis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perakakis N, Farr OM, Mantzoros CS. Fasting oxyntomodulin, glicentin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide levels are associated with activation of reward- and attention-related brain centres in response to visual food cues in adults with obesity: A cross-sectional functional MRI study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23:1202\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.14315.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"687_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777589","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.777589","volume":"12","author":"I Stafeev","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stafeev I, Sklyanik I, Mamontova E, Michurina S, Shestakova E, Yah\u2019yaev K, et al. NDRG1 activity in fat depots is associated with type 2 diabetes and impaired incretin profile in patients with morbid obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:777589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.777589.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"687_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0802-9569","volume":"51","author":"SA Pendharkar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pendharkar SA, Singh RG, Cervantes A, DeSouza SV, Bharmal SH, Petrov MS. Gut hormone responses to mixed meal test in new-onset prediabetes\/diabetes after acute pancreatitis. Horm Metab Res. 2019;51:191\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0802-9569.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"687_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00132","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000132","volume":"11","author":"SH Bharmal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bharmal SH, Cho J, Stuart CE, Alarcon Ramos GC, Ko J, Petrov MS. Oxyntomodulin may distinguish new-onset diabetes after acute pancreatitis from type 2 diabetes. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2020;11:e00132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000132.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"687_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155773","volume":"152","author":"A Kokkinos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kokkinos A, Tsilingiris D, Simati S, Stefanakis K, Angelidi AM, Tentolouris N, et al. Bariatric surgery, through beneficial effects on underlying mechanisms, improves cardiorenal and liver metabolic risk over an average of ten years of observation: A longitudinal and a case-control study. Metabolism. 2024;152:155773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155773.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"687_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3885","volume":"101","author":"H Manell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manell H, Staaf J, Manukyan L, Kristinsson H, Cen J, Stenlid R, et al. Altered plasma levels of glucagon, GLP-1 and glicentin during OGTT in adolescents with obesity and type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:1181\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-3885.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2016.63","volume":"8","author":"SA Pendharkar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pendharkar SA, Asrani VM, Murphy R, Cutfield R, Windsor JA, Petrov MS. The role of gut-brain axis in regulating glucose metabolism after acute pancreatitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2017;8:e210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ctg.2016.63.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"687_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563217700172","volume":"55","author":"J Raffort","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raffort J, Panaia-Ferrari P, Lareyre F, Blois M, Bayer P, Staccini P, et al. Decreased serum glicentin concentration in patients with severe and morbid obesity. Ann Clin Biochem. 2018;55:198\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004563217700172.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"687_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.55.1.6","volume":"55","author":"KE Mayo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mayo KE, Miller LJ, Bataille D, Dalle S, Goke B, Thorens B, et al. International union of pharmacology. XXXV. The glucagon receptor family. Pharmacol Rev. 2003;55:167\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.55.1.6.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"687_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001","volume":"27","author":"DJ Drucker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2018;27:740\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"687_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00271-7","volume":"13","author":"SV Badve","year":"2025","unstructured":"Badve SV, Bilal A, Lee MMY, Sattar N, Gerstein HC, Ruff CT, et al. Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on kidney and cardiovascular disease outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025;13:15\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00271-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"687_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.4128","volume":"9","author":"F Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang F, Tang X, Cao H, Lu Q, Li N, Liu Y, et al. Impaired secretion of total glucagon-like peptide-1 in people with impaired fasting glucose combined impaired glucose tolerance. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9:574\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijms.4128.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"687_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2841-0","volume":"56","author":"S Calanna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calanna S, Christensen M, Holst JJ, Laferrere B, Gluud LL, Vilsboll T, et al. Secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses of clinical studies. Diabetologia. 2013;56:965\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-013-2841-0.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1896-4","volume":"54","author":"MA Nauck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nauck MA, Vardarli I, Deacon CF, Holst JJ, Meier JJ. Secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in type 2 diabetes: what is up, what is down? Diabetologia. 2011;54:10\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-010-1896-4.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155375","volume":"140","author":"JD Watkins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Watkins JD, Carter S, Atkinson G, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Holst JJ, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in people with versus without type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Metabolism. 2023;140:155375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155375.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"687_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010157","author":"M Klementova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klementova M, Thieme L, Haluzik M, Pavlovicova R, Hill M, Pelikanova T, et al. A plant-based meal increases gastrointestinal hormones and satiety more than an energy- and macronutrient-matched processed-meat meal in T2D, obese, and healthy men: a three-group randomized crossover study. Nutrients. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11010157.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"687_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0726","volume":"150","author":"GE Lim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lim GE, Huang GJ, Flora N, LeRoith D, Rhodes CJ, Brubaker PL. Insulin regulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from the enteroendocrine L cell. Endocrinology. 2009;150:580\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2008-0726.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"687_CR81","unstructured":"Mannucci E, Tesi F, Bardini G, Ognibene A, Petracca MG, Ciani S et al. Effects of metformin on glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2004; 17: 336\u2009\u2013\u200942. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15887627."},{"key":"687_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2382-3","volume":"55","author":"C Beysen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beysen C, Murphy EJ, Deines K, Chan M, Tsang E, Glass A, et al. Effect of bile acid sequestrants on glucose metabolism, hepatic de Novo lipogenesis, and cholesterol and bile acid kinetics in type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled study. Diabetologia. 2012;55:432\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-011-2382-3.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1751","volume":"64","author":"K Faerch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Faerch K, Torekov SS, Vistisen D, Johansen NB, Witte DR, Jonsson A, et al. GLP-1 response to oral glucose is reduced in prediabetes, screen-detected type 2 diabetes, and obesity and influenced by sex: the ADDITION-PRO study. Diabetes. 2015;64:2513\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db14-1751.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.2.380","volume":"52","author":"LL Kjems","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kjems LL, Holst JJ, Volund A, Madsbad S. The influence of GLP-1 on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: effects on beta-cell sensitivity in type 2 and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes. 2003;52:380\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.52.2.380.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0998","volume":"70","author":"JI Bagger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bagger JI, Grondahl MFG, Lund A, Holst JJ, Vilsboll T, Knop FK. Glucagonostatic potency of GLP-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes, patients with type 1 diabetes, and healthy control subjects. Diabetes. 2021;70:1347\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db20-0998.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac213","volume":"107","author":"E Grespan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grespan E, Guolo A, Muscelli E, Ferrannini E, Mari A. Loss of the incretin effect in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107:2092\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgac213.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2054","volume":"95","author":"RD Carr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carr RD, Larsen MO, Jelic K, Lindgren O, Vikman J, Holst JJ, et al. Secretion and dipeptidyl peptidase-4-mediated metabolism of incretin hormones after a mixed meal or glucose ingestion in obese compared to lean, nondiabetic men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:872\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-2054.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-814222","volume":"36","author":"R Lugari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lugari R, Dei Cas A, Ugolotti D, Barilli AL, Camellini C, Ganzerla GC, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion and plasma dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) activity in morbidly obese patients undergoing biliopancreatic diversion. Horm Metab Res. 2004;36:111\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2004-814222.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"687_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801655","volume":"25","author":"C Verdich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Verdich C, Toubro S, Buemann B, Lysgard Madsen J, Juul Holst J, Astrup A. The role of postprandial releases of insulin and incretin hormones in meal-induced satiety\u2013effect of obesity and weight reduction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1206\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801655.","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"687_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn20041335","volume":"93","author":"TC Adam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Adam TC, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Glucagon-like peptide-1 release and satiety after a nutrient challenge in normal-weight and obese subjects. Br J Nutr. 2005;93:845\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/bjn20041335.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"687_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.6.916","volume":"38","author":"LR Ranganath","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ranganath LR, Beety JM, Morgan LM, Wright JW, Howland R, Marks V. Attenuated GLP-1 secretion in obesity: cause or consequence? Gut. 1996;38:916\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.38.6.916.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"687_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.355","volume":"15","author":"JF Carroll","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carroll JF, Kaiser KA, Franks SF, Deere C, Caffrey JL. Influence of BMI and gender on postprandial hormone responses. Obes Silver Spring. 2007;15:2974\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2007.355.","journal-title":"Obes Silver Spring"},{"key":"687_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0609","volume":"91","author":"J Bowen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bowen J, Noakes M, Clifton PM. Appetite regulatory hormone responses to various dietary proteins differ by body mass index status despite similar reductions in ad libitum energy intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2913\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2006-0609.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.03.008","volume":"50","author":"RH Ahmed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmed RH, Huri HZ, Muniandy S, Al-Hamodi Z, Al-Absi B, Alsalahi A, et al. Altered circulating concentrations of active glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) in obese subjects and their association with insulin resistance. Clin Biochem. 2017;50:746\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.03.008.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"687_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-1116","volume":"174","author":"EW Iepsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iepsen EW, Lundgren J, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Torekov SS. Successful weight loss maintenance includes long-term increased meal responses of GLP-1 and PYY3-36. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;174:775\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-15-1116.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"687_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105816","volume":"365","author":"P Sumithran","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, Purcell K, Shulkes A, Kriketos A, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1597\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1105816.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"687_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508137710","volume":"101","author":"B Sloth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sloth B, Due A, Larsen TM, Holst JJ, Heding A, Astrup A. The effect of a high-MUFA, low-glycaemic index diet and a low-fat diet on appetite and glucose metabolism during a 6-month weight maintenance period. Br J Nutr. 2009;101:1846\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114508137710.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"687_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1283","volume":"37","author":"N Matikainen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matikainen N, Bogl LH, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom J, Lundbom N, Kaprio J, et al. GLP-1 responses are heritable and blunted in acquired obesity with high liver fat and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:242\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-1283.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"687_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021873","volume":"88","author":"T Vilsboll","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vilsboll T, Krarup T, Sonne J, Madsbad S, Volund A, Juul AG, et al. Incretin secretion in relation to meal size and body weight in healthy subjects and people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2706\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2002-021873.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021113-170317","volume":"76","author":"DJ Drucker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drucker DJ, Yusta B. Physiology and pharmacology of the enteroendocrine hormone glucagon-like peptide-2. Annu Rev Physiol. 2014;76:561\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021113-170317.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"687_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.05.006","volume":"139","author":"J Bahrami","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bahrami J, Longuet C, Baggio LL, Li K, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor modulates islet adaptation to metabolic stress in the ob\/ob mouse. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:857\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.05.006.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"687_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.10.004","volume":"130","author":"JJ Meier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Pott A, Heinze K, Goetze O, Bulut K, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 2 stimulates glucagon secretion, enhances lipid absorption, and inhibits gastric acid secretion in humans. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:44\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.10.004.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"687_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-2803.201800000-14","volume":"55","author":"E Cazzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cazzo E, Pareja JC, Chaim EA, Coy CSR, Magro DO. Comparison of the levels of C-reactive protein, Glp-1 and Glp-2 among individuals with diabetes, morbid obesity and healthy controls: an exploratory study. Arq Gastroenterol. 2018;55:72\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0004-2803.201800000-14.","journal-title":"Arq Gastroenterol"},{"key":"687_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-27302013000800008","volume":"57","author":"B Geloneze","year":"2013","unstructured":"Geloneze B, Lima MM, Pareja JC, Barreto MR, Magro DO. Association of insulin resistance and GLP-2 secretion in obesity: a pilot study. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;57:632\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0004-27302013000800008.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"687_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz261","volume":"105","author":"V Higgins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Higgins V, Asgari S, Hamilton JK, Wolska A, Remaley AT, Hartmann B, et al. Postprandial dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired gut peptides\/bile acids in adolescents with obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:1228\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgz261.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-019-00296-6","volume":"15","author":"RM Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen RM, Yuan X, Ouyang Q, Lin XQ, Ai ZZ, Zhang Y, et al. Adropin and glucagon-like peptide-2 are associated with glucose metabolism in obese children. World J Pediatr. 2019;15:565\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12519-019-00296-6.","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"687_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171091","volume":"169","author":"AP Prahm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prahm AP, Hvistendahl MK, Brandt CF, Blanche P, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, et al. Post-prandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) after carbohydrate-, fat- or protein enriched meals in healthy subjects. Peptides. 2023;169:171091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2023.171091.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"687_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15141","volume":"25","author":"K Stefanakis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stefanakis K, Kokkinos A, Argyrakopoulou G, Konstantinidou SK, Simati S, Kouvari M, et al. Circulating levels of proglucagon-derived peptides are differentially regulated by the glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist liraglutide and the centrally acting naltrexone\/bupropion and can predict future weight loss and metabolic improvements: a 6-month long interventional study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25:2561\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.15141.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"687_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e390","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz172","volume":"105","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Polyzos SA, Perakakis N, Boutari C, Kountouras J, Ghaly W, Anastasilakis AD, et al. Targeted analysis of three hormonal systems identifies molecules associated with the presence and severity of NAFLD. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:e390\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgz172.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.10.6855","volume":"85","author":"CF Deacon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deacon CF, Nauck MA, Meier J, Hucking K, Holst JJ. Degradation of endogenous and exogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide in healthy and in type 2 diabetic subjects as revealed using a new assay for the intact peptide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3575\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.10.6855.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E621","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00499.2003","volume":"286","author":"JJ Meier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meier JJ, Goetze O, Anstipp J, Hagemann D, Holst JJ, Schmidt WE, et al. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide does not inhibit gastric emptying in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;286:E621\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00499.2003.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.03.005","volume":"22","author":"B Finan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Finan B, Muller TD, Clemmensen C, Perez-Tilve D, DiMarchi RD, Tschop MH. Reappraisal of GIP pharmacology for metabolic diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2016;22:359\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.03.005.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"687_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00274255","volume":"32","author":"IR Jones","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jones IR, Owens DR, Luzio S, Williams S, Hayes TM. The glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide response to oral glucose and mixed meals is increased in patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1989;32:668\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00274255.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1124","volume":"57","author":"K Vollmer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vollmer K, Holst JJ, Baller B, Ellrichmann M, Nauck MA, Schmidt WE, et al. Predictors of incretin concentrations in subjects with normal, impaired, and diabetic glucose tolerance. Diabetes. 2008;57:678\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db07-1124.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0465","volume":"36","author":"S Calanna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calanna S, Christensen M, Holst JJ, Laferrere B, Gluud LL, Vilsboll T, et al. Secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:3346\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-0465.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"687_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1332","volume":"60","author":"N Mentis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mentis N, Vardarli I, Kothe LD, Holst JJ, Deacon CF, Theodorakis M, et al. GIP does not potentiate the antidiabetic effects of GLP-1 in hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2011;60:1270\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db10-1332.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"687_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S220","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.suppl_3.s220","volume":"53","author":"JJ Meier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meier JJ, Gallwitz B, Kask B, Deacon CF, Holst JJ, Schmidt WE, et al. Stimulation of insulin secretion by intravenous bolus injection and continuous infusion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy control subjects. Diabetes. 2004;53(Suppl 3):S220\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.53.suppl_3.s220.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0100","volume":"56","author":"FK Knop","year":"2007","unstructured":"Knop FK, Vilsboll T, Hojberg PV, Larsen S, Madsbad S, Volund A, et al. Reduced incretin effect in type 2 diabetes: cause or consequence of the diabetic state? Diabetes. 2007;56:1951\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db07-0100.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2019.170178","volume":"125","author":"MB Christensen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Christensen MB, Gasbjerg LS, Heimburger SM, Stensen S, Vilsboll T, Knop FK. GIP\u2019s involvement in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Peptides. 2020;125:170178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2019.170178.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"687_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13129","volume":"20","author":"MA Nauck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nauck MA, Meier JJ. Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(Suppl 1):5\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.13129.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"687_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1195-5","volume":"52","author":"PV Hojberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hojberg PV, Vilsboll T, Rabol R, Knop FK, Bache M, Krarup T, et al. Four weeks of near-normalisation of blood glucose improves the insulin response to glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009;52:199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-008-1195-5.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12395","volume":"17","author":"K Aaboe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aaboe K, Akram S, Deacon CF, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Krarup T. Restoration of the insulinotropic effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide contributes to the antidiabetic effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:74\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.12395.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"687_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00429703","volume":"14","author":"W Creutzfeldt","year":"1978","unstructured":"Creutzfeldt W, Ebert R, Willms B, Frerichs H, Brown JC. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and insulin in obesity: increased response to stimulation and defective feedback control of serum levels. Diabetologia. 1978;14:15\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00429703.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02581191","volume":"26","author":"R Ebert","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ebert R, Creutzfeldt W. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) hypersecretion in obesity depends on meal size and is not related to hyperinsulinemia. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1989;26:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02581191.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol Lat"},{"key":"687_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E549","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1994.267.4.E549","volume":"267","author":"A Raben","year":"1994","unstructured":"Raben A, Andersen HB, Christensen NJ, Madsen J, Holst JJ, Astrup A. Evidence for an abnormal postprandial response to a high-fat meal in women predisposed to obesity. Am J Physiol. 1994;267:E549\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.1994.267.4.E549.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"687_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696977","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.696977","volume":"12","author":"K Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith K, Taylor GS, Allerton DM, Brunsgaard LH, Bowden Davies KA, Stevenson EJ, et al. The postprandial glycaemic and hormonal responses following the ingestion of a novel, ready-to-drink shot containing a low dose of whey protein in centrally obese and lean adult males: a randomised controlled trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:696977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.696977.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"687_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00282515","volume":"25","author":"DL Sarson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sarson DL, Kopelman PG, Besterman HS, Pilkington TR, Bloom SR. Disparity between glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and insulin responses in obese man. Diabetologia. 1983;25:386\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00282515.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200005000-00012","volume":"47","author":"RA Heptulla","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heptulla RA, Tamborlane WV, Cavaghan M, Bronson M, Limb C, Ma YZ, et al. Augmentation of alimentary insulin secretion despite similar gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) responses in juvenile obesity. Pediatr Res. 2000;47:628\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/00006450-200005000-00012.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"687_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.153960","volume":"100","author":"A Kokkinos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kokkinos A, Tsilingiris D, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Mantzoros CS. Will medications that mimic gut hormones or target their receptors eventually replace bariatric surgery? Metabolism. 2019;100:153960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.153960.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"687_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang CH, Onda DA, Oakhill JS, Scott JW, Galic S, Loh K. Regulation of pancreatic beta-cell function by the NPY system. Endocrinology. 2021;162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqab070.","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab070"},{"key":"687_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2011.05.006","volume":"170","author":"OH Ukkola","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ukkola OH, Puurunen VP, Piira OP, Niva JT, Lepojarvi ES, Tulppo MP, et al. High serum fasting peptide YY (3\u201336) is associated with obesity-associated insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Regul Pept. 2011;170:38\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.regpep.2011.05.006.","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"687_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0344-y","volume":"49","author":"PJ English","year":"2006","unstructured":"English PJ, Ashcroft A, Patterson M, Dovey TM, Halford JC, Harrison J, et al. Fasting plasma peptide-YY concentrations are elevated but do not rise postprandially in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2006;49:2219\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-006-0344-y.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2006.08.002","volume":"40","author":"D Boey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boey D, Heilbronn L, Sainsbury A, Laybutt R, Kriketos A, Herzog H, et al. Low serum PYY is linked to insulin resistance in first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Neuropeptides. 2006;40:317\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.npep.2006.08.002.","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"687_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12221","volume":"80","author":"JC Fernandez-Garcia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fernandez-Garcia JC, Murri M, Coin-Araguez L, Alcaide J, El Bekay R, Tinahones FJ. GLP-1 and peptide YY secretory response after fat load is impaired by insulin resistance, impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in morbidly obese subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;80:671\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.12221.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"687_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0290261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290261","volume":"18","author":"M Muilwijk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muilwijk M, Beulens JWJ, Groeneveld L, Rutters F, Blom MT, Agamennone V, et al. The entero-endocrine response following a mixed-meal tolerance test with a non-nutritive pre-load in participants with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: A crossover randomized controlled trial proof of concept study. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0290261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0290261.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"687_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.24","volume":"32","author":"A Viardot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Viardot A, Heilbronn LK, Herzog H, Gregersen S, Campbell LV. Abnormal postprandial PYY response in insulin sensitive nondiabetic subjects with a strong family history of type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:943\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2008.24.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"687_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107561","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107561","volume":"9","author":"L Belinova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Belinova L, Kahleova H, Malinska H, Topolcan O, Vrzalova J, Oliyarnyk O, et al. Differential acute postprandial effects of processed meat and isocaloric vegan meals on the Gastrointestinal hormone response in subjects suffering from type 2 diabetes and healthy controls: a randomized crossover study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e107561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0107561.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"687_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2448","volume":"91","author":"F Bacha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bacha F, Arslanian SA. Ghrelin and peptide YY in youth: are there race-related differences? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3117\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2005-2448.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.003624","volume":"93","author":"F Cahill","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cahill F, Shea JL, Randell E, Vasdev S, Sun G. Serum peptide YY in response to short-term overfeeding in young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:741\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.110.003624.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"687_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.368","volume":"18","author":"KA Brownley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brownley KA, Heymen S, Hinderliter AL, MacIntosh B. Effect of glycemic load on peptide-YY levels in a biracial sample of obese and normal weight women. Obes (Silver Spring). 2010;18:1297\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2009.368.","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"687_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030204","volume":"349","author":"RL Batterham","year":"2003","unstructured":"Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, et al. Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:941\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa030204.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"687_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0972","volume":"147","author":"CW le Roux","year":"2006","unstructured":"le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Aylwin SJ, Patterson M, Borg CM, Wynne KJ, et al. Attenuated peptide YY release in obese subjects is associated with reduced satiety. Endocrinology. 2006;147:3\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2005-0972.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"687_CR143","unstructured":"Zwirska-Korczala K, Konturek SJ, Sodowski M, Wylezol M, Kuka D, Sowa P, et al. Basal and postprandial plasma levels of PYY, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, Gastrin and insulin in women with moderate and morbid obesity and metabolic syndrome. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;58(Suppl 1):13\u201335. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17443025."},{"key":"687_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1381\/096089202321088084","volume":"12","author":"M Alvarez Bartolome","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alvarez Bartolome M, Borque M, Martinez-Sarmiento J, Aparicio E, Hernandez C, Cabrerizo L, et al. Peptide YY secretion in morbidly obese patients before and after vertical banded gastroplasty. Obes Surg. 2002;12:324\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1381\/096089202321088084.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"687_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G129","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00478.2011","volume":"303","author":"IM Brennan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brennan IM, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Seimon RV, Otto B, Horowitz M, Wishart JM, et al. Effects of fat, protein, and carbohydrate and protein load on appetite, plasma cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and ghrelin, and energy intake in lean and obese men. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;303:G129\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00478.2011.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"687_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.86","volume":"17","author":"M Misra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Misra M, Tsai PM, Mendes N, Miller KK, Klibanski A. Increased carbohydrate induced Ghrelin secretion in obese vs. normal-weight adolescent girls. Obes (Silver Spring). 2009;17:1689\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2009.86.","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"687_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.499","volume":"18","author":"SD Mittelman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mittelman SD, Klier K, Braun S, Azen C, Geffner ME, Buchanan TA. Obese adolescents show impaired meal responses of the appetite-regulating hormones Ghrelin and PYY. Obes (Silver Spring). 2010;18:918\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2009.499.","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"687_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1425","volume":"92","author":"PT Pfluger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pfluger PT, Kampe J, Castaneda TR, Vahl T, D\u2019Alessio DA, Kruthaupt T, et al. Effect of human body weight changes on Circulating levels of peptide YY and peptide YY3-36. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:583\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2006-1425.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1251","volume":"90","author":"S Stock","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stock S, Leichner P, Wong AC, Ghatei MA, Kieffer TJ, Bloom SR, et al. Ghrelin, peptide YY, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and hunger responses to a mixed meal in anorexic, obese, and control female adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:2161\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-1251.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6665","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0409","volume":"90","author":"BJ Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim BJ, Carlson OD, Jang HJ, Elahi D, Berry C, Egan JM. Peptide YY is secreted after oral glucose administration in a gender-specific manner. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:6665\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2005-0409.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2022.170923","volume":"160","author":"W Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu W, Tanday N, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Pancreatic polypeptide revisited: potential therapeutic effects in obesity-diabetes. Peptides. 2023;160:170923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2022.170923.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"687_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02934112","volume":"32","author":"T Meguro","year":"1997","unstructured":"Meguro T, Shimosegawa T, Satoh A, Suzuki H, Takasu A, Takayama A, et al. Gallbladder emptying and cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide responses to a liquid meal in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:628\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02934112.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"687_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2021.101316","volume":"48","author":"L Qi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qi L, Wei Q, Ni M, Liu D, Bao J, Lv Y, et al. Pancreatic and gut hormone responses to mixed meal test in post-chronic pancreatitis diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. 2022;48:101316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabet.2021.101316.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"687_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001145","volume":"54","author":"SA Pendharkar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pendharkar SA, Singh RG, Bharmal SH, Drury M, Petrov MS. Pancreatic hormone responses to mixed meal test in New-onset prediabetes\/diabetes after non-necrotizing acute pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2020;54:e11\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001145.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"687_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac670","volume":"108","author":"PA Hart","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hart PA, Kudva YC, Yadav D, Andersen DK, Li Y, Toledo FGS, et al. A reduced pancreatic polypeptide response is associated with New-onset pancreatogenic diabetes versus type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108:e120\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgac670.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2012.05.003","volume":"26","author":"H Kahleova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kahleova H, Mari A, Nofrate V, Matoulek M, Kazdova L, Hill M, et al. Improvement in \u03b2-cell function after diet-induced weight loss is associated with decrease in pancreatic polypeptide in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2012;26:442\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2012.05.003.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"687_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-52-6-1264","volume":"52","author":"WB Zipf","year":"1981","unstructured":"Zipf WB, O\u2019Dorisio TM, Cataland S, Sotos J. Blunted pancreatic polypeptide responses in children with obesity of Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52:1264\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-52-6-1264.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803393","volume":"30","author":"T Reinehr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reinehr T, Enriori PJ, Harz K, Cowley MA, Roth CL. Pancreatic polypeptide in obese children before and after weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:1476\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803393.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"687_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-50-4-744","volume":"50","author":"J Marco","year":"1980","unstructured":"Marco J, Zulueta MA, Correas I, Villanueva ML. Reduced pancreatic polypeptide secretion in obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980;50:744\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-50-4-744.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR160","unstructured":"Jorde R, Burhol PG. Fasting and postprandial plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels in obesity. Int J Obes. 1984; 8: 393-7. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6394520."},{"key":"687_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.84","volume":"38","author":"JA Kanaley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kanaley JA, Heden TD, Liu Y, Whaley-Connell AT, Chockalingam A, Dellsperger KC, et al. Short-term aerobic exercise training increases postprandial pancreatic polypeptide but not peptide YY concentrations in obese individuals. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38:266\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2013.84.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"687_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3280122850","volume":"14","author":"R Chandra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chandra R, Liddle RA. Cholecystokinin. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2007;14:63\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MED.0b013e3280122850.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"687_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.04.007","volume":"127","author":"FM Ribeiro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ribeiro FM, Anderson M, Aguiar S, Gabriela E, Petriz B, Franco OL. Systematic review and meta-analysis of gut peptides expression during fasting and postprandial states in individuals with obesity. Nutr Res. 2024;127:27\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.04.007.","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"687_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S152","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801310","volume":"24","author":"A Milewicz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Milewicz A, Mikulski E, Bidzinska B. Plasma insulin, cholecystokinin, galanin, neuropeptide Y and leptin levels in obese women with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Obes. 2000;24(Suppl 2):S152\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801310.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"687_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3696-3","volume":"58","author":"NA Rhee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rhee NA, Wahlgren CD, Pedersen J, Mortensen B, Langholz E, Wandall EP, et al. Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on the distribution and hormone expression of small-intestinal enteroendocrine cells in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015;58:2254\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-015-3696-3.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.76.2.8432795","volume":"76","author":"RA Rushakoff","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rushakoff RA, Goldfine ID, Beccaria LJ, Mathur A, Brand RJ, Liddle RA. Reduced postprandial cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: evidence for a role for CCK in regulating postprandial hyperglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:489\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.76.2.8432795.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(86)90005-4","volume":"14","author":"I Nakano","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nakano I, Funakoshi A, Shinozaki H, Miyazaki K, Ibayashi H, Tateishi K, et al. High plasma cholecystokinin response following ingestion of test meal by patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Regul Pept. 1986;14:229\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-0115(86)90005-4.","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"687_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.12.01","volume":"1","author":"S Afroze","year":"2013","unstructured":"Afroze S, Meng F, Jensen K, McDaniel K, Rahal K, Onori P, et al. The physiological roles of secretin and its receptor. Ann Transl Med. 2013;1:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3978\/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.12.01.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"687_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737686","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.737686","volume":"12","author":"S Laurila","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laurila S, Rebelos E, Honka MJ, Nuutila P. Pleiotropic effects of secretin: a potential drug candidate in the treatment of obesity? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:737686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.737686.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"687_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.178","volume":"36","author":"CY Cheng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheng CY, Chu JY, Chow BK. Central and peripheral administration of secretin inhibits food intake in mice through the activation of the melanocortin system. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36:459\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2010.178.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"687_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107028","volume":"51","author":"RL Lerner","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lerner RL, Porte D Jr. Studies of secretin-stimulated insulin responses in man. J Clin Invest. 1972;51:2205\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI107028.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"687_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106975","volume":"51","author":"F Santeusanio","year":"1972","unstructured":"Santeusanio F, Faloona GR, Unger RH. Suppressive effect of secretin upon pancreatic alpha cell function. J Clin Invest. 1972;51:1743\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI106975.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"687_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087878","volume":"105","author":"K Schnabl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schnabl K, Li Y, Klingenspor M. The gut hormone secretin triggers a gut-brown fat-brain axis in the control of food intake. Exp Physiol. 2020;105:1206\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/EP087878.","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"687_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M038042","volume":"55","author":"R Sekar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sekar R, Chow BK. Lipolytic actions of secretin in mouse adipocytes. J Lipid Res. 2014;55:190\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.M038042.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"687_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-46-6-952","volume":"46","author":"JB Halter","year":"1978","unstructured":"Halter JB, Porte D Jr. Mechanisms of impaired acute insulin release in adult onset diabetes: studies with isoproterenol and secretin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978;46:952\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-46-6-952.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.32.473","volume":"32","author":"A Funakoshi","year":"1985","unstructured":"Funakoshi A, Miyazaki K, Shinozaki H, Sako Y, Ibayashi H. Changes in insulin secretion after secretin administration and the implications in diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Jpn. 1985;32:473\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj1954.32.473.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Jpn"},{"key":"687_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02774150","volume":"13","author":"H Ohara","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ohara H, Inabe S, Yabu-uchi S, Ohta H, Wada T. Secretin secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer, chronic pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1978;13:21\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02774150.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Jpn"},{"key":"687_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-48-3-462","volume":"48","author":"RL Lerner","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lerner RL. Augmented insulin responses to glucose after secretin priming in diabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979;48:462\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-48-3-462.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0820312","volume":"82","author":"B Enk","year":"1976","unstructured":"Enk B. Secretin-induced insulin response. II. Dose-response relation. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1976;82:312\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/acta.0.0820312.","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"687_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1597","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad372","volume":"108","author":"H Gilliam-Vigh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gilliam-Vigh H, Jorsal T, Nielsen SW, Forman JL, Pedersen J, Poulsen SS, et al. Expression of secretin and its receptor along the intestinal tract in type 2 diabetes patients and healthy controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108:e1597\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad372.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0850799","volume":"85","author":"ER Trimble","year":"1977","unstructured":"Trimble ER, Buchanan KD, Hadden DR, Montgomery DA. Secretin: high plasma levels in diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1977;85:799\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/acta.0.0850799.","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"687_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00257783","volume":"21","author":"WJ Andrews","year":"1981","unstructured":"Andrews WJ, Henry RW, Alberti KG, Buchanan KD. The gastro-entero-pancreatic hormone response to fasting in obesity. Diabetologia. 1981;21:440\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00257783.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90025-v","volume":"98","author":"WC Vezina","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vezina WC, Paradis RL, Grace DM, Zimmer RA, Lamont DD, Rycroft KM, et al. Increased volume and decreased emptying of the gallbladder in large (morbidly obese, tall normal, and muscular normal) people. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:1000\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90025-v.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"687_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-6-1138","volume":"66","author":"B Glaser","year":"1988","unstructured":"Glaser B, Shapiro B, Glowniak J, Fajans SS, Vinik AI. Effects of secretin on the normal and pathological beta-cell. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;66:1138\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem-66-6-1138.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345791","volume":"33","author":"DH St-Pierre","year":"2010","unstructured":"St-Pierre DH, Broglio F. Secretin: should we revisit its metabolic outcomes? J Endocrinol Invest. 2010;33:266\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03345791.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"687_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Erzen S, Tonin G, Jurisic Erzen D, Klen J. Amylin, another important neuroendocrine hormone for the treatment of diabesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25031517.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031517"},{"key":"687_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00216","volume":"9","author":"TA Lutz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lutz TA, Meyer U. Amylin at the interface between metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2015.00216.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"687_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404025","volume":"34","author":"E Hartter","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hartter E, Svoboda T, Ludvik B, Schuller M, Lell B, Kuenburg E, et al. Basal and stimulated plasma levels of pancreatic amylin indicate its co-secretion with insulin in humans. Diabetologia. 1991;34:52\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00404025.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(92)90073-z","volume":"15","author":"T Hanabusa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hanabusa T, Kubo K, Oki C, Nakano Y, Okai K, Sanke T, et al. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) secretion from islet cells and its plasma concentration in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1992;15:89\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0168-8227(92)90073-z.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"687_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1300423","volume":"49","author":"B Zapecka-Dubno","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zapecka-Dubno B, Czyzyk A, Dworak A, Bak MI. Effect of oral antidiabetic agents on plasma amylin level in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2). Arzneimittelforschung. 1999;49:330\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0031-1300423.","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"687_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.10.005","volume":"40","author":"H Kahleova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kahleova H, Tintera J, Thieme L, Veleba J, Klementova M, Kudlackova M, et al. A plant-based meal affects thalamus perfusion differently than an energy- and macronutrient-matched conventional meal in men with type 2 diabetes, overweight\/obese, and healthy men: a three-group randomized crossover study. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:1822\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.10.005.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"687_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1370643","volume":"137","author":"B Ahren","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ahren B, Gutniak M. No correlation between insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide after stimulation with glucagon-like peptide-1 in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997;137:643\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1370643.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"687_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-016-0904-7","volume":"54","author":"R Guardado-Mendoza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guardado-Mendoza R, Chavez AO, Jimenez-Ceja LM, Hansis-Diarte A, DeFronzo RA, Folli F, et al. Islet amyloid polypeptide response to maximal hyperglycemia and arginine is altered in impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol. 2017;54:53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-016-0904-7.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"687_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(92)90074-2","volume":"15","author":"S Enoki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Enoki S, Mitsukawa T, Takemura J, Nakazato M, Aburaya J, Toshimori H, et al. Plasma islet amyloid polypeptide levels in obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1992;15:97\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0168-8227(92)90074-2.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"687_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.12.1615","volume":"40","author":"B Ludvik","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ludvik B, Lell B, Hartter E, Schnack C, Prager R. Decrease of stimulated amylin release precedes impairment of insulin secretion in type II diabetes. Diabetes. 1991;40:1615\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.40.12.1615.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20805","volume":"22","author":"S Beglinger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beglinger S, Meyer-Gerspach AC, Graf S, Zumsteg U, Drewe J, Beglinger C, et al. Effect of a test meal on meal responses of satiation hormones and their association to insulin resistance in obese adolescents. Obesity. 2014;22:2047\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.20805.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"687_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2010.204","volume":"23","author":"CL Roth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roth CL, Bongiovanni KD, Gohlke B, Woelfle J. Changes in dynamic insulin and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in obese children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2010;23:1299\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem.2010.204.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12057","volume":"24","author":"ILP Bonfante","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bonfante ILP, Duft RG, Mateus K, Trombeta J, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Velloso LA, et al. Combined training and hormones\/enzymes with insulinotropic actions in individuals with overweight and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Sport Sci. 2024;24:97\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsc.12057.","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"687_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R552","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00131.2013","volume":"305","author":"CK Roberts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roberts CK, Izadpanah A, Angadi SS, Barnard RJ. Effects of an intensive short-term diet and exercise intervention: comparison between normal-weight and obese children. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2013;305:R552\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00131.2013.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"687_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000183766","volume":"40","author":"ML Hartman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hartman ML, Veldhuis JD, Thorner MO. Normal control of growth hormone secretion. Horm Res. 1993;40:37\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000183766.","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"687_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210080","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.210080","volume":"11","author":"TR Davis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davis TR, Pierce MR, Novak SX, Hougland JL. Ghrelin octanoylation by ghrelin O-acyltransferase: protein acylation impacting metabolic and neuroendocrine signalling. Open Biol. 2021;11:210080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsob.210080.","journal-title":"Open Biol"},{"key":"687_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5083","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.8098","volume":"86","author":"F Broglio","year":"2001","unstructured":"Broglio F, Arvat E, Benso A, Gottero C, Muccioli G, Papotti M, et al. Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5083\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.86.10.8098.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.04.007","volume":"5","author":"MR DiGruccio","year":"2016","unstructured":"DiGruccio MR, Mawla AM, Donaldson CJ, Noguchi GM, Vaughan J, Cowing-Zitron C, et al. Comprehensive alpha, beta and delta cell transcriptomes reveal that ghrelin selectively activates delta cells and promotes somatostatin release from pancreatic islets. Mol Metab. 2016;5:449\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.04.007.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.03.001","volume":"32","author":"PJ Delhanty","year":"2011","unstructured":"Delhanty PJ, van der Lely AJ. Ghrelin and glucose homeostasis. Peptides. 2011;32:2309\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.03.001.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"687_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.04.007","volume":"20","author":"MR McFarlane","year":"2014","unstructured":"McFarlane MR, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Zhao TJ. Induced ablation of Ghrelin cells in adult mice does not decrease food intake, body weight, or response to high-fat diet. Cell Metab. 2014;20:54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.04.007.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"687_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5854","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8115","volume":"86","author":"N Nagaya","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nagaya N, Miyatake K, Uematsu M, Oya H, Shimizu W, Hosoda H, et al. Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of ghrelin infusion in patients with chronic heart failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5854\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8115.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0263","volume":"149","author":"W Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang W, Chai B, Li JY, Wang H, Mulholland MW. Effect of des-acyl Ghrelin on adiposity and glucose metabolism. Endocrinology. 2008;149:4710\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2008-0263.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"687_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1038\/35038090","volume":"407","author":"M Tschop","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tschop M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature. 2000;407:908\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35038090.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"687_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.1.8129","volume":"87","author":"T Shiiya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shiiya T, Nakazato M, Mizuta M, Date Y, Mondal MS, Tanaka M, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:240\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.87.1.8129.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.4.707","volume":"50","author":"M Tschop","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tschop M, Weyer C, Tataranni PA, Devanarayan V, Ravussin E, Heiman ML. Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity. Diabetes. 2001;50:707\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.50.4.707.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0300-0664.2001.01456.x","volume":"56","author":"TK Hansen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hansen TK, Dall R, Hosoda H, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Christiansen JS, et al. Weight loss increases circulating levels of ghrelin in human obesity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;56:203\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0300-0664.2001.01456.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"687_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021052","volume":"88","author":"AM Haqq","year":"2003","unstructured":"Haqq AM, Farooqi IS, O\u2019Rahilly S, Stadler DD, Rosenfeld RG, Pratt KL, et al. Serum Ghrelin levels are inversely correlated with body mass index, age, and insulin concentrations in normal children and are markedly increased in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:174\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2002-021052.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4418","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1138","volume":"93","author":"P Monteleone","year":"2008","unstructured":"Monteleone P, Serritella C, Martiadis V, Scognamiglio P, Maj M. Plasma obestatin, ghrelin, and ghrelin\/obestatin ratio are increased in underweight patients with anorexia nervosa but not in symptomatic patients with bulimia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:4418\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-1138.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021669","volume":"88","author":"J Nedvidkova","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nedvidkova J, Krykorkova I, Bartak V, Papezova H, Gold PW, Alesci S, et al. Loss of meal-induced decrease in plasma Ghrelin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1678\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2002-021669.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0556","volume":"151","author":"DI Briggs","year":"2010","unstructured":"Briggs DI, Enriori PJ, Lemus MB, Cowley MA, Andrews ZB. Diet-induced obesity causes ghrelin resistance in arcuate NPY\/AgRP neurons. Endocrinology. 2010;151:4745\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2010-0556.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"687_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.011","volume":"43","author":"M Goebel-Stengel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goebel-Stengel M, Hofmann T, Elbelt U, Teuffel P, Ahnis A, Kobelt P, et al. The ghrelin activating enzyme ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) is present in human plasma and expressed dependent on body mass index. Peptides. 2013;43:13\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.02.011.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"687_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1216","volume":"90","author":"CW le Roux","year":"2005","unstructured":"le Roux CW, Patterson M, Vincent RP, Hunt C, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Postprandial plasma ghrelin is suppressed proportional to meal calorie content in normal-weight but not obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1068\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-1216.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0746-4014","volume":"50","author":"I Bounias","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bounias I, Pouliliou S, Tripsianis G, Antonoglou C, Papazoglou A, Maltezos E, et al. Ghrelin levels in basal conditions and during glucose tolerance test in prediabetic and diabetic patients. Horm Metab Res. 2018;50:822\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0746-4014.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"687_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.5.1371","volume":"54","author":"J Erdmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Erdmann J, Lippl F, Wagenpfeil S, Schusdziarra V. Differential association of basal and postprandial plasma Ghrelin with leptin, insulin, and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2005;54:1371\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.54.5.1371.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1582","volume":"90","author":"F Bacha","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bacha F, Arslanian SA. Ghrelin suppression in overweight children: a manifestation of insulin resistance? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:2725\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-1582.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.10.2546","volume":"52","author":"SM Poykko","year":"2003","unstructured":"Poykko SM, Kellokoski E, Horkko S, Kauma H, Kesaniemi YA, Ukkola O. Low plasma Ghrelin is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003;52:2546\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.52.10.2546.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"687_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-023-06905-8","volume":"33","author":"K Chaiyasoot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chaiyasoot K, Sakai NS, Zakeri R, Makaronidis J, Crisostomo L, Alves MG, et al. Weight-loss independent clinical and metabolic biomarkers associated with type 2 diabetes remission post-bariatric\/metabolic surgery. Obes Surg. 2023;33:3988\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-023-06905-8.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"687_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0985-4","volume":"46","author":"T Ostergard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ostergard T, Hansen TK, Nyholm B, Gravholt CH, Djurhuus CB, Hosoda H, et al. Circulating Ghrelin concentrations are reduced in healthy offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects, and are increased in women independent of a family history of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2003;46:134\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-002-0985-4.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"687_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2013.10.002","volume":"8","author":"T Sato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sato T, Ida T, Nakamura Y, Shiimura Y, Kangawa K, Kojima M. Physiological roles of Ghrelin on obesity. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2014;8:e405\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.orcp.2013.10.002.","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"687_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1551","volume":"13","author":"S Solomou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Solomou S, Korbonits M. The role of Ghrelin in weight-regulation disorders: implications in clinical practice. Horm (Athens). 2014;13:458\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14310\/horm.2002.1551.","journal-title":"Horm (Athens)"},{"key":"687_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01870.x","volume":"23","author":"U Mager","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mager U, Lindi V, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, et al. Association of the Leu72Met polymorphism of the ghrelin gene with the risk of Type 2 diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabet Med. 2006;23:685\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01870.x.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"687_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-13-124","volume":"13","author":"LL Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen LL, Han SM, Tang FF, Li Q. MTLRP genetic polymorphism (214C\u2009>\u2009A) was associated with Type 2 diabetes in Caucasian population: a meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis. 2014;13:124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-511X-13-124.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"687_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1421","volume":"154","author":"DI Briggs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Briggs DI, Lockie SH, Wu Q, Lemus MB, Stark R, Andrews ZB. Calorie-restricted weight loss reverses high-fat diet-induced Ghrelin resistance, which contributes to rebound weight gain in a Ghrelin-dependent manner. Endocrinology. 2013;154:709\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2012-1421.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"687_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012908","volume":"346","author":"DE Cummings","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, Breen PA, Ma MK, Dellinger EP, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1623\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa012908.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"687_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021262","volume":"88","author":"DS Weigle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weigle DS, Cummings DE, Newby PD, Breen PA, Frayo RS, Matthys CC, et al. Roles of leptin and ghrelin in the loss of body weight caused by a low fat, high carbohydrate diet. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1577\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2002-021262.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802913","volume":"29","author":"T Reinehr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reinehr T, Roth CL, Alexy U, Kersting M, Kiess W, Andler W. Ghrelin levels before and after reduction of overweight due to a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet in obese children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29:362\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802913.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"687_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030762","author":"D Papamargaritis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Papamargaritis D, le Roux CW. Do gut hormones contribute to weight loss and glycaemic outcomes after bariatric surgery? Nutrients. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13030762.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"687_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2008.10.002","volume":"30","author":"AJ Ren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ren AJ, Guo ZF, Wang YK, Lin L, Zheng X, Yuan WJ. Obestatin, obesity and diabetes. Peptides. 2009;30:439\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2008.10.002.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"687_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9453-6","volume":"39","author":"JB Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li JB, Asakawa A, Cheng K, Li Y, Chaolu H, Tsai M, et al. Biological effects of obestatin. Endocrine. 2011;39:205\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-011-9453-6.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"687_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117255","volume":"310","author":"JV Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang JV, Ren PG, Avsian-Kretchmer O, Luo CW, Rauch R, Klein C, et al. Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin\u2019s effects on food intake. Science. 2005;310:996\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1117255.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"687_CR236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.07.012","volume":"27","author":"G Gourcerol","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gourcerol G, Million M, Adelson DW, Wang Y, Wang L, Rivier J, et al. Lack of interaction between peripheral injection of CCK and obestatin in the regulation of gastric satiety signaling in rodents. Peptides. 2006;27:2811\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.07.012.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"687_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0933","volume":"148","author":"B Holst","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holst B, Egerod KL, Schild E, Vickers SP, Cheetham S, Gerlach LO, et al. GPR39 signaling is stimulated by zinc ions but not by obestatin. Endocrinology. 2007;148:13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2006-0933.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"687_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2006.09.001","volume":"138","author":"D Yamamoto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamamoto D, Ikeshita N, Daito R, Herningtyas EH, Toda K, Takahashi K, et al. Neither intravenous nor intracerebroventricular administration of obestatin affects the secretion of GH, PRL, TSH and ACTH in rats. Regul Pept. 2007;138:141\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.regpep.2006.09.001.","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"687_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.03.138","volume":"357","author":"GJ Lagaud","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lagaud GJ, Young A, Acena A, Morton MF, Barrett TD, Shankley NP. Obestatin reduces food intake and suppresses body weight gain in rodents. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;357:264\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.03.138.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"687_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2008.08.003","volume":"152","author":"EM Egido","year":"2009","unstructured":"Egido EM, Hernandez R, Marco J, Silvestre RA. Effect of obestatin on insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion in the perfused rat pancreas. Regul Pept. 2009;152:61\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.regpep.2008.08.003.","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"687_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02776.x","volume":"66","author":"X Qi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Qi X, Li L, Yang G, Liu J, Li K, Tang Y, et al. Circulating obestatin levels in normal subjects and in patients with impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;66:593\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02776.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"687_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345780","volume":"33","author":"DH St-Pierre","year":"2010","unstructured":"St-Pierre DH, Settanni F, Olivetti I, Gramaglia E, Tomelini M, Granata R, et al. Circulating obestatin levels in normal and type 2 diabetic subjects. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010;33:211\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03345780.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"687_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1393-8","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00330.2007","volume":"293","author":"M Anderwald-Stadler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anderwald-Stadler M, Krebs M, Promintzer M, Mandl M, Bischof MG, Nowotny P, et al. Plasma obestatin is lower at fasting and not suppressed by insulin in insulin-resistant humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;293:E1393-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00330.2007.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-013-9772-8","volume":"69","author":"L Shao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shao L, Zhao YT, Teng LL, Li MZ, Jiang H. Circulating obestatin levels correlate with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR but not with hypertension in elderly men. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2014;69:89\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12013-013-9772-8.","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"687_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803694","volume":"32","author":"MS Huda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Huda MS, Durham BH, Wong SP, Deepak D, Kerrigan D, McCulloch P, et al. Plasma obestatin levels are lower in obese and post-gastrectomy subjects, but do not change in response to a meal. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:129\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803694.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"687_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931489","volume":"57","author":"H Zamrazilova","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zamrazilova H, Hainer V, Sedlackova D, Papezova H, Kunesova M, Bellisle F, et al. Plasma obestatin levels in normal weight, obese and anorectic women. Physiol Res. 2008;57(Suppl 1):S49\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.931489.","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"687_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.498","volume":"18","author":"PB Balagopal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Balagopal PB, Gidding SS, Buckloh LM, Yarandi HN, Sylvester JE, George DE, et al. Changes in Circulating satiety hormones in obese children: a randomized controlled physical activity-based intervention study. Obes (Silver Spring). 2010;18:1747\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2009.498.","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"687_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2306","volume":"92","author":"ZF Guo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guo ZF, Zheng X, Qin YW, Hu JQ, Chen SP, Zhang Z. Circulating preprandial ghrelin to obestatin ratio is increased in human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:1875\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2006-2306.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0059","volume":"157","author":"V Vicennati","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vicennati V, Genghini S, De Iasio R, Pasqui F, Pagotto U, Pasquali R. Circulating obestatin levels and the ghrelin\/obestatin ratio in obese women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157:295\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-07-0059.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"687_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.153997","volume":"101","author":"N Perakakis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perakakis N, Kokkinos A, Peradze N, Tentolouris N, Ghaly W, Pilitsi E, et al. Circulating levels of gastrointestinal hormones in response to the most common types of bariatric surgery and predictive value for weight loss over one year: evidence from two independent trials. Metabolism. 2019;101:153997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.153997.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"687_CR251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa061","author":"MS Nielsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nielsen MS, Ritz C, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, le Roux CW, Sjodin A. Oxyntomodulin and glicentin may predict the effect of bariatric surgery on food preferences and weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa061.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"687_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2018.03.014","volume":"14","author":"C Poitou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poitou C, Bouaziz-Amar E, Genser L, Oppert JM, Lacorte JM, Le Beyec J. Fasting levels of glicentin are higher in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients exhibiting postprandial hypoglycemia during a meal test. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018;14:929\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soard.2018.03.014.","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"key":"687_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.09.014","volume":"54","author":"C Janot","year":"2025","unstructured":"Janot C, Fourati S, Bernard A, Besnard P, Le Gall M, Ledoux S, et al. Meal-induced PYY and GLP1 secretions differently predict long-term weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy. Clin Nutr. 2025;54:202\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.09.014.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"687_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-012-0624-1","volume":"22","author":"MS Dar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dar MS, Chapman WH 3rd, Pender JR, Drake AJ 3rd, O\u2019Brien K, Tanenberg RJ, et al. GLP-1 response to a mixed meal: what happens 10 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)? Obes Surg. 2012;22:1077\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11695-012-0624-1.","journal-title":"Obes Surg"},{"key":"687_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-00979-9","volume":"20","author":"S Ansari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ansari S, Khoo B, Tan T. Targeting the incretin system in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2024;20:447\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-024-00979-9.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"687_CR256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112207","volume":"224","author":"L Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang L, Zhou L, Liu J, Wang G. Baseline glucagon impacts glucose-lowering effects of acarbose but not metformin: a sub-analysis of MARCH study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2025;224:112207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112207.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"687_CR257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-1678","volume":"48","author":"HJ Wong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wong HJ, Sim B, Teo YH, Teo YN, Chan MY, Yeo LLL, et al. Efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists on weight loss, BMI, and waist circumference for patients with obesity or overweight: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 47 randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2025;48:292\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc24-1678.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Current Obesity Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13679-026-00687-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13679-026-00687-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13679-026-00687-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:00:09Z","timestamp":1781629209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13679-026-00687-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"references-count":257,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["687"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13679-026-00687-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-4968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-4968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is a narrative review article. No ethical approval is required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Financial Interest"}}],"article-number":"8"}}