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BAT-mediated thermogenesis and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) confer metabolic benefits that may reduce oncogenic susceptibility. However, emerging evidence reveals a paradoxical role for BAT in cancer progression, where tumor-induced thermogenic activation contributes to cancer-associated cachexia (CAC). This review article examines the cellular, molecular, and translational dimensions of this \u201cthermogenic paradox\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative synthesis was performed using literature from 2000 to 2025 retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed studies examining the molecular, genetic, and metabolic mechanisms linking BAT or adipose browning to carcinogenesis, obesity-related cancers, and CAC were included. Thematic integration emphasized regulatory pathways, endocrine signaling, and therapeutic implications. Adaptive browning, regulated by transcriptional drivers such as PRDM16, PPAR\u03b3, and PGC1-\u03b1, mitigates metabolic inflammation, enhances insulin sensitivity, and may exert tumor-suppressive effects. In contrast, tumor-secreted factors including parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and interleukin-6 aberrantly induce uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and \u03b23-adrenergic signaling, driving lipolysis and energy wasting in CAC. The dualistic effects of BAT underscore its context-dependent influence on cancer biology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BAT exemplifies a metabolic continuum between protection and pathology. Clarifying its regulatory mechanisms may inform precision therapies and integrated metabolic-oncology interventions, particularly relevant to low- and middle-income countries facing the double burden of obesity and cachexia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-026-00699-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T08:16:34Z","timestamp":1773821794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fueling or Fighting Cancer? 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