{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:05:59Z","timestamp":1789362359785,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Obes Rep"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-026-00764-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T03:49:36Z","timestamp":1789357776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypothyroidism and Metabolic Dysfunction\u2013Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Links, and Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Amjad Mahmood","family":"Qadir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3774-6071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebaz Anwar","family":"Omer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl","key":"764_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0365","volume":"29","author":"ML Teng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teng ML, et al. Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(Suppl):S32\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"764_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101122","volume":"50","author":"K Pafili","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pafili K, Roden M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from pathogenesis to treatment concepts in humans. Mol Metab. 2021;50:101122.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"null","key":"764_CR3","first-page":"581042","volume":"22","author":"L Piao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Piao L, et al. From Tradition to Future: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Research Progress in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism with Traditional Chinese Medicine\u2014\u2014A Narrative Review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2026;22(null):581042.","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"issue":"19","key":"764_CR4","first-page":"1750","volume":"334","author":"L Chaker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chaker L, Papaleontiou M. Hypothyroidism: Rev JAMA. 2025;334(19):1750\u201360.","journal-title":"Hypothyroidism: Rev JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-01977-2","volume":"25","author":"N Pourseyedi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pourseyedi N, et al. Evidence on the link between hypothyroidism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated systematic review. BMC Endocr Disord. 2025;25(1):154.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"764_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao R et al. NAFLD and Hypothyroidism: Deciphering Pivotal Genetic Variants, Cellular Expression Landscapes, and Spatial Architectures. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27(4):1850.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041850"},{"issue":"24","key":"764_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12242806","volume":"12","author":"R Ramanathan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramanathan R, et al. Thyroid Hormone and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Therapeutic Implications for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). Cells. 2023;12(24):2806.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"764_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1159\/000539371","volume":"17","author":"EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the","year":"2024","unstructured":"EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the. Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). Obes Facts. 2024;17(4):374\u2013444.","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"issue":"12","key":"764_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0338413","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0338413","volume":"20","author":"A Ayati Firoozabadi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ayati Firoozabadi A, et al. The reciprocal relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of about 39 million individuals. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(12):e0338413.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i1.75","volume":"29","author":"GY Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang GY, et al. Emerging novel targets for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treatment: Evidence from recent basic studies. World J Gastroenterol. 2023;29(1):75\u201395.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"764_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","volume":"77","author":"JM Paik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paik JM, et al. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology. 2023;77(4):1335\u201347.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"764_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","volume":"77","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, et al. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology. 2023;77(4):1335\u201347.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"764_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.92a.24098","volume":"92","author":"R Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu R, et al. Most elderly patients with subclinical hypothyroidism do not need to be treated. Cleve Clin J Med. 2025;92(4):221\u201331.","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/amhs.amhs_258_23","volume":"12","author":"T Sonowal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sonowal T, Sarmah J, Sarma PK. Dietary Iodine Intake and Pattern of Thyroid Disorders among the Ethnic Population of Eastern Himalayan Ranges of India. Archives Med Health Sci. 2024;12(1):30\u20135.","journal-title":"Archives Med Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"764_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2025.2476075","volume":"41","author":"G Brenta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brenta G, Gottwald-Hostalek U. Comorbidities of hypothyroidism. Curr Med Res Opin. 2025;41(3):421\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2025.0860","volume":"32","author":"X Jin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jin X, et al. Hypothyroidism and the risk of liver-related events in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2026;32(1):353\u201367.","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"764_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betlejewska J et al. Endocrine Disorders and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines. 2025;13(10):2500.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13102500"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28232-x","volume":"15","author":"MW Saleh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saleh MW, et al. Impact of thyroid dysfunction and diabetes on fibrosis and steatosis stages in metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):43840.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"764_CR19","first-page":"e50159","volume":"15","author":"P Sahu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sahu P, Chhabra P, Mehendale AM. A Comprehensive Review on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e50159.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2947-0","volume":"76","author":"F Bessone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bessone F, Razori MV, Roma MG. Molecular pathways of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease development and progression. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019;76(1):99\u2013128.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09973-w","volume":"51","author":"AM Zargar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zargar AM, et al. TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling pathway in fatty liver disease: a case-control study. Mol Biol Rep. 2024;51(1):1031.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"764_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12291","volume":"16","author":"M Demir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Demir M, Lang S, Steffen H-M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease \u2013 current status and future directions. J Dig Dis. 2015;16(10):541\u201357.","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"764_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2023.101231","volume":"95","author":"M Parola","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parola M, Pinzani M. Liver fibrosis in NAFLD\/NASH: from pathophysiology towards diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Mol Aspects Med. 2024;95:101231.","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"764_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu X et al. Liver fibrosis: Clinical assessment, pathogenesis, and anti-fibrotic therapy. EJMO. 2025;9(3):8125.","DOI":"10.36922\/ejmo.8125"},{"issue":"10308","key":"764_CR25","first-page":"1359","volume":"398","author":"P Gin\u00e8s","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gin\u00e8s P, et al. Liver cirrhosis Lancet. 2021;398(10308):1359\u201376.","journal-title":"Liver cirrhosis Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"764_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad095","volume":"119","author":"C Grander","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grander C, Grabherr F, Tilg H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: pathophysiological concepts and treatment options. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;119(9):1787\u201398.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01147-x","volume":"28","author":"Z Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo Z, et al. Association between leptin and NAFLD: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):215.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"764_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00338-7","volume":"8","author":"G Targher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Targher G, Mantovani A, Byrne CD. Mechanisms and possible hepatoprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and other incretin receptor agonists in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8(2):179\u201391.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2337\/dsi23-0013","volume":"37","author":"JP Nogueira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nogueira JP, Cusi K. Role of Insulin Resistance in the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in People With Type 2 Diabetes: From Bench to Patient Care. Diabetes Spectr. 2024;37(1):20\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"issue":"12","key":"764_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0587","volume":"91","author":"KM Utzschneider","year":"2006","unstructured":"Utzschneider KM, Kahn SE. Review: The role of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(12):4753\u201361.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2018.33.1.33","volume":"33","author":"C Boutari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boutari C, Perakakis N, Mantzoros CS. Association of Adipokines with Development and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2018;33(1):33\u201343.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"issue":"5","key":"764_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2009.01176.x","volume":"12","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Polyzos SA, et al. The role of adiponectin in the pathogenesis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12(5):365\u201383.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"764_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2010.00704.x","volume":"40","author":"Y Sumida","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sumida Y, et al. Lower circulating levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, independent of insulin resistance, is an important determinant of severity of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Japanese patients. Hepatol Res. 2010;40(9):901\u201310.","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"764_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabiee A, Hossain MA, Poojari A. Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance: A Key Driver of Metabolic Syndrome Pathogenesis. Biomedicines. 2025;13(10):2376.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13102376"},{"issue":"6","key":"764_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00809-4","volume":"19","author":"M R\u00e9gnier","year":"2023","unstructured":"R\u00e9gnier M, et al. The role of ChREBP in carbohydrate sensing and NAFLD development. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023;19(6):336\u201349.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"18","key":"764_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20257571","volume":"139","author":"WH Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee WH, et al. The physiology of MASLD: molecular pathways between liver and adipose tissues. Clin Sci (Lond). 2025;139(18):1015\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"764_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gastaldelli A, Scoditti E, Macedo MP. Metabolic drivers of MASLD and MASH: from hormonal imbalance to fibrosis. Diabetologia. 2026.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-026-06774-7"},{"key":"764_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma Q et al. Metabolic dysfunction\u2013associated steatotic liver disease: Pathogenesis, model and treatment (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2025;56(6):227.","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5668"},{"key":"764_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763185","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1763185","volume":"13","author":"X Lu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lu X, Yang L. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and dual\/triple receptor agonists in the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: advances in mechanistic research. Front Med (Lausanne). 2026;13:1763185.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"764_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu Y et al. A Global Perspective on Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategy Innovation. Nutrients. 2026;18(4):679.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18040679"},{"key":"764_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0103ndulescu SM et al. MASLD: Lipotoxicity and Imaging Parallels from Liver Steatosis to Kidney Injury. Life (Basel). 2025;15(12):1805.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15121805"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaf035","volume":"47","author":"KD Arczewska","year":"2026","unstructured":"Arczewska KD, et al. DNA Damage and Repair in Thyroid Physiology and Disease. Endocr Rev. 2026;47(1):121\u201357.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"764_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03658-3","volume":"84","author":"A Berli\u0144ska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Berli\u0144ska A, \u015awi\u0105tkowska-Stodulska R. Clinical use of thyroglobulin: not only thyroid cancer. Endocrine. 2024;84(3):786\u201399.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"764_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6hrle J. Selenium, Iodine and Iron-Essential Trace Elements for Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(4):3393.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043393"},{"issue":"15","key":"764_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152496","volume":"16","author":"A-M Shulhai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shulhai A-M, et al. The Role of Nutrition on Thyroid Function. Nutrients. 2024;16(15):2496.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"764_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Soares L, Ritter MJ. Thyroid hormone and the Liver. Hepatol Commun. 2025;9(1):596.","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000596"},{"issue":"4","key":"764_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16117","volume":"27","author":"SA Polyzos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Polyzos SA, Targher G. Hepatic thyroid hormone receptor-\u03b2 signalling: Mechanisms and recent advancements in the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(4):1635\u201347.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"18","key":"764_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16018","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c01525","volume":"67","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, et al. Targeting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor: A Perspective on Small-Molecule Modulators and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem. 2024;67(18):16018\u201334.","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"764_CR49","first-page":"91","volume":"16","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, et al. THSR Mediated MiR374b Targeting C\/EBP \u03b2\/FOXO1 to Accelerate Thyroid Stimulating Hormone-Induced Hepatic Steatosis. Hepat Med. 2024;16:91\u2013104.","journal-title":"Hepat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"764_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","volume":"81","author":"F Tacke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tacke F, et al. EASL\u2013EASD\u2013EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J Hepatol. 2024;81(3):492\u2013542.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"764_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332491","volume":"73","author":"A Mantovani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mantovani A, et al. Association between primary hypothyroidism and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: an updated meta-analysis. Gut. 2024;73(9):1554\u201361.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"764_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120655","volume":"579","author":"SS Levinson","year":"2026","unstructured":"Levinson SS. Putting clinical studies into better perspective by defining accuracy when effect size is small. Clin Chim Acta. 2026;579:120655.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02474-0","volume":"24","author":"S Pu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pu S, et al. Hypothyroidism\/subclinical hypothyroidism and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: advances in mechanism and treatment. Lipids Health Dis. 2025;24(1):75.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"764_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-025-04451-0","volume":"90","author":"LH Duntas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duntas LH, et al. Repurposing levothyroxine for managing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Endocrine. 2025;90(3):1043\u201352.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"10","key":"764_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf151","volume":"31","author":"C Dai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dai C, Huang Y-h. The Association of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Eosinophilic Esophagitis: True Link or Surveillance Artifact? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2025;31(10):2943\u20134.","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"764_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2023.03.004","volume":"13","author":"S Elshinshawy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elshinshawy S, et al. The Interrelation Between Hypothyroidism and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, a Cross-sectional Study. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2023;13(4):638\u201348.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"issue":"17","key":"764_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25738","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025738","volume":"100","author":"X Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng X, Li B, Zou Y. The relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med (Baltim). 2021;100(17):e25738.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"6","key":"764_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119792","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.119792","volume":"18","author":"S Alwahsh","year":"2026","unstructured":"Alwahsh S, et al. Differential impact of high-fructose and ethanol diets on early steatohepatitis and hepatic melanocortin-4 receptor responses in rats. World J Hepatol. 2026;18(6):119792.","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"764_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zielinski R et al. Treatment of mild subclinical hypothyroidism and its impact on lipid metabolism. Front Endocrinol. 2026;17:01\u201306.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1847857"},{"issue":"4","key":"764_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2024.1826","volume":"21","author":"I Al\u2013Odat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al\u2013Odat I, Al\u2013Fawaeir S. Al\u2013Mahmoud, Study of the association between thyroid dysfunction and serum lipid abnormalities. Biomed Rep. 2024;21(4):138.","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"764_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G341","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00163.2022","volume":"324","author":"A Griffiths","year":"2023","unstructured":"Griffiths A, et al. ATF4-mediated CD36 upregulation contributes to palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in hepatocytes. Am J Physiology-Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol. 2023;324(5):G341\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"764_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70257","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70257","volume":"15","author":"M Mellergaard","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mellergaard M, et al. Circulating Liver-Derived and CD36(+) Extracellular Vesicles Correlate With Ectopic Liver Fat and Markers of Fibrosis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Decrease During Weight Loss Intervention. J Extracell Vesicles. 2026;15(3):e70257.","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"issue":"6","key":"764_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_601_23","volume":"49","author":"Y AbdulRaheem","year":"2024","unstructured":"AbdulRaheem Y. Statistical Significance versus Clinical Relevance: Key Considerations in Interpretation Medical Research Data. Indian J Community Med. 2024;49(6):791\u20135.","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"764_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-024-02184-x","volume":"60","author":"T Du","year":"2025","unstructured":"Du T, et al. Liver fibrotic burden across the spectrum of hypothyroidism. J Gastroenterol. 2025;60(3):315\u201327.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"764_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sileo F et al. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Levels Are Related to Fatty Liver Indices Independently of Free Thyroxine: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med. 2025;14(7):2401.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072401"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91221-7","volume":"15","author":"H Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang H, Zheng C, Wang P. Exploring the nexus between hypothyroidism and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a UK biobank cohort study. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):6692.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"764_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarantino G et al. Age and Interleukin-15 Levels Are Independently Associated With Intima-Media Thickness in Obesity-Related NAFLD Patients. Front Med. 2021;8:634962.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.634962"},{"issue":"5","key":"764_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002721","volume":"36","author":"H Abosheaishaa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abosheaishaa H, et al. Relation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and carotid artery intimal media thickness as a surrogate for atherosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;36(5):592\u2013607.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"764_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander J, Olsen AK. Selenium - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res. 2023;67:10320.","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v67.10320"},{"key":"764_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen C et al. Selenium supplementation and placebo are equally effective in improving quality of life in patients with hypothyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2024;13(1):e230175.","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-23-0175"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01135-1","volume":"28","author":"B Abiri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abiri B, et al. Association between thyroid function and obesity phenotypes in healthy euthyroid individuals: an investigation based on Tehran Thyroid Study. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):179.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.35772\/ghmo.2023.01004","volume":"3","author":"A Gupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gupta A, et al. Association of adipokines with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome including obesity and diabetes. GHM Open. 2023;3(1):7\u201319.","journal-title":"GHM Open"},{"key":"764_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pingitore A et al. Metabolic Syndrome, Thyroid Dysfunction, and Cardiovascular Risk: The Triptych of Evil. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(19).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910628"},{"issue":"5","key":"764_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v15.i5.641","volume":"15","author":"B Janota","year":"2023","unstructured":"Janota B, et al. Hypothyroidism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A coincidence or a causal relationship? World J Hepatol. 2023;15(5):641\u20138.","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"764_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002963","volume":"37","author":"W Hao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hao W, et al. Association of free triiodothyronine and total triiodothyronine with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;37(7):864\u201374.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"764_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S420872","volume":"16","author":"H Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu H, et al. Association Between Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Euthyroid Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:2153\u201363.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"764_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Escud\u00e9 A et al. TSH Levels as an Independent Risk Factor for NAFLD and Liver Fibrosis in the General Population. J Clin Med. 2021;10(13):2907.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132907"},{"key":"764_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He W et al. Relationship between Hypothyroidism and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol. 2017;8:335.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00335"},{"issue":"4","key":"764_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2016(04)08","volume":"71","author":"FY G\u00f6kmen","year":"2016","unstructured":"G\u00f6kmen FY, et al. FT3\/FT4 ratio predicts non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of metabolic parameters in patients with euthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Clin (Sao Paulo). 2016;71(4):221\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin (Sao Paulo)"},{"issue":"9","key":"764_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.07.012","volume":"43","author":"T Hydes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hydes T, et al. Current and Emerging Biomarkers and Imaging Modalities for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Clinical and Research Applications. Clin Ther. 2021;43(9):1505\u201322.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"764_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-023-03887-0","volume":"48","author":"G Low","year":"2023","unstructured":"Low G, et al. Multiparametric MR assessment of liver fat, iron, and fibrosis: a concise overview of the liver Triple Screen. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2023;48(6):2060\u201373.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00843-7","volume":"21","author":"AJ Sanyal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sanyal AJ, Jha P, Kleiner DE. Digital pathology for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis assessment. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;21(1):57\u201369.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"764_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2017.04.002","volume":"46","author":"NH Esfandiari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esfandiari NH, Papaleontiou M. Biochemical Testing in Thyroid Disorders. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(3):631\u201348.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v17i1.5043","volume":"17","author":"A Ambasta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ambasta A, et al. Thyroid testing in primary hypothyroidism. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2025;17(1):e1\u20134.","journal-title":"Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med"},{"key":"764_CR85","unstructured":"Rose SR et al. Congenital Hypothyroidism: Screening and Management. Pediatrics. 2022;151(1):e2022060420."},{"key":"764_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durante C et al. 2023 European Thyroid Association Clinical Practice Guidelines for thyroid nodule management. Eur Thyroid J. 2023;12(5):e230067.","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-23-0067"},{"key":"764_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centanni M et al. ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2025;14(4):e250123.","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-25-0123"},{"issue":"12","key":"764_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.07.003","volume":"22","author":"M Noureddin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Noureddin M, et al. Expert Panel Recommendations: Practical Clinical Applications for Initiating and Monitoring Resmetirom in Patients With MASH\/NASH and Moderate to Noncirrhotic Advanced Fibrosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;22(12):2367\u201377.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"764_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad674","volume":"109","author":"MP Bancks","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bancks MP, et al. Association of Lifestyle Intervention With Risk for Cardiovascular Events Differs by Level of Glycated Hemoglobin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(3):e1012\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"764_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113173","volume":"234","author":"JCN Chan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chan JCN, et al. Glycaemic control remains central in type 2 diabetes mellitus management: key learnings from the latest International Diabetes Federation guidelines. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2026;234:113173.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"764_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.08.001","volume":"33","author":"E Hatziagelaki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hatziagelaki E, et al. NAFLD and thyroid function: pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2022;33(11):755\u201368.","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"764_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02603-1","volume":"29","author":"SA Harrison","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harrison SA, et al. Resmetirom for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2023;29(11):2919\u201328.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"764_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad072","volume":"108","author":"L Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li L, et al. Thyroid Hormone Receptor-\u03b2 Agonists in NAFLD Therapy: Possibilities and Challenges. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(7):1602\u201313.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"764_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac660","volume":"108","author":"S Kalavalapalli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalavalapalli S, et al. Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance Predicts the Severity of Liver Fibrosis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and NAFLD. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2023;108(5):1192\u2013201.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"764_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134165","volume":"130","author":"GI Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith GI, et al. Insulin resistance drives hepatic de novo lipogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(3):1453\u201360.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"764_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arroyave-Ospina JC et al. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Implications for Prevention and Therapy. Antioxid (Basel). 2021;10(2):174.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020174"},{"issue":"6","key":"764_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309000","volume":"390","author":"SA Harrison","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harrison SA, et al. A Phase 3, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resmetirom in NASH with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(6):497\u2013509.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"764_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70242-8","volume":"14","author":"R Suvarna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Suvarna R, Shetty S, Pappachan JM. Efficacy and safety of Resmetirom, a selective thyroid hormone receptor-\u03b2 agonist, in the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):19790.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"764_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tacke F, Horn P, Wong VWS, Ratziu V, Bugianesi E. EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J Hepatol. 2024;81(3):492\u2013542.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031"}],"container-title":["Current Obesity Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13679-026-00764-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13679-026-00764-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13679-026-00764-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:02:05Z","timestamp":1789362125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13679-026-00764-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13679-026-00764-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-4968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-4968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"83"}}