{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:36:38Z","timestamp":1789202198818,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurol Belg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01582-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T14:02:18Z","timestamp":1612533738000},"page":"337-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Risk for generalization in ocular onset myasthenia gravis: experience from a neuro-ophthalmology clinic"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5728-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015f\u0131n","family":"K\u0131sabay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00fcseyin Nezih","family":"\u00d6zdemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Figen","family":"G\u00f6k\u00e7ay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ne\u015fe","family":"\u00c7elebisoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1582_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.11.004","volume":"218","author":"C Provenzano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Provenzano C, Marino M, Scuderi F et al (2010) Antiacetylcholinesterase antibodies associate with ocular myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 218:102\u2013106","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"1582_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2016.08.008","volume":"35","author":"SV Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith SV, Lee AG (2017) Update on ocular myasthenia gravis. Neurol Clin 35:115\u2013123","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"1582_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000350","volume":"36","author":"SH Wong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wong SH, Petrie A, Plant GT (2016) Ocular myasthenia gravis: toward a risk of generalization score and sample size calculation for a randomized controlled trial of disease modification. J Neuroophthalmol 36(3):252\u2013258","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"1582_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.11.1054","volume":"26","author":"JM Lindstrom","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lindstrom JM, Seybold ME, Lennon VA et al (1976) Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value. Neurology 26:1054\u20131059","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1582_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009167","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009167","volume":"5","author":"SJ Burden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burden SJ, Yumoto N, Zhang W (2013) The role of musk in synapse formation and neuromuscular disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 5(5):a009167","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1582_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13518","volume":"1412","author":"A Evoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Evoli A, Alboini PE, Damato V, Iorio R, Provenzano C, Bartoccioni E, Marino M (2018) Myasthenia gravis with antibodies to musk: an update. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1412(1):82\u201389","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1582_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cnd.0000155026.66153.f0","volume":"6","author":"HD Katzberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Katzberg HD, Bril V (2005) A comparison of electrodiagnostic testsin ocular myasthenia gravis. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 6(3):109\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.cnd.0000155026.66153.f0","journal-title":"J Clin Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"1582_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000526","volume":"29","author":"E Fortina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fortina E, Cestaria DM, Weinberg DH (2018) Ocular myasthenia gravis: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 29:477\u2013484","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1582_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.2.243","volume":"60","author":"MJ Kupersmith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kupersmith MJ, Latkany R, Homel P (2003) Development of generalized disease at 2 years in patients with ocular myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol 60(2):243\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.60.2.243","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1582_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21555","volume":"41","author":"JA Allen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Allen JA, Scala S, Jones HR (2010) Ocular myasthenia gravis in a senior population: diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. Muscle Nerve 41(3):379\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.21555","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"5","key":"1582_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12359","volume":"21","author":"E Kerty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kerty E, Elsais A, Argov Z, Evoli A, Gilhus NE (2014) EFNS\/ENS guidelines for the treatment of ocular myasthenia. Eur J Neurol 21(5):687\u2013693","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1582_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.05.023","volume":"273","author":"YH Hong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hong YH, Kwon SB, Kim BJ et al (2008) Prognosis of ocular myasthenia in Korea: a retrospective multicenter analysis of 202 patients. J Neurol Sci 273(1\u20132):10\u201314","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1582_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2017.1344237","volume":"128","author":"M Mazzoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mazzoli M, Ariatti A, Valzania F et al (2018) Factors affecting outcome in ocular myasthenia gravis. Int J Neurosci 128(1):15\u201324","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1582_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410140504","volume":"14","author":"CT Bever Jr","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bever CT Jr, Aquino AV, Penn AS, Lovelace RE, Rowland LP (1983) Prognosis of ocular myasthenia. Ann Neurol 14(5):516\u2013519","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1582_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.1.16","volume":"55","author":"A Jaretzki 3rd","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jaretzki A 3rd, Barohn RJ, Ernstoff RM, Kaminski HJ, Keesey JC, Penn AS et al (2000) Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task force of the Medical scientific advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Neurology. 55:16\u201323","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"2","key":"1582_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21853","volume":"43","author":"R Mercelis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mercelis R, Merckaert V (2011) Diagnostic utility of stimulated single-fiber electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle in patients with suspected ocular myasthenia. Muscle Nerve 43(2):168\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.21853","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"7","key":"1582_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00307-2","volume":"111","author":"L Padua","year":"2000","unstructured":"Padua L, Stalberg E, LoMonaco M et al (2000) SFEMG in ocular myasthenia gravis diagnosis. Clin Neurophysiol 111(7):1203\u20131207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00307-2","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1121\u20131127","key":"1582_CR18","first-page":"21","volume":"52","author":"HJ Oosterhuis","year":"1989","unstructured":"Oosterhuis HJ (1989) The natural course of myasthenia gravis: a long term follow upstudy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52(1121\u20131127):21","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1582_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20950","volume":"37","author":"D Grob","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grob D, Brunner N, Namba T et al (2008) Lifetime course of myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 37:141\u2013149","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1582_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9056-8","volume":"265","author":"F Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li F, Hotter B, Swierzy M et al (2018) Generalization after ocular onset in myasthenia gravis: a case series in Germany. J Neurol 265:2773\u20132782","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1582_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000487132","volume":"79","author":"F Aguirre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aguirre F, Villa AM (2018) Prognosis of ocular in an Argentinian population. Eur Neurol 79(3\u20134):113\u2013117","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1582_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0857-7","volume":"17","author":"L Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang Y, He M (2017) Clinical predictors for the prognosis of myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurol 17(1):77","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1582_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e328358b94a","volume":"23","author":"MS Vaphiades","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vaphiades MS, Bhatti MT, Lesser RL (2012) Ocular myasthenia gravis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 23(6):537\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICU.0b013e328358b94a","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1582_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.10.028","volume":"325","author":"MA Hellmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hellmann MA, Mosberg-Galili R, Steiner I (2013) Myasthenia gravis in the elderly. J Neurol Sci 325(1\u20132):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2012.10.028","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1582_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23964","volume":"48","author":"NM Alkhawajah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alkhawajah NM, Oger J (2013) Late-onset myasthenia gravis: a review when incidence in older adults keeps increasing. Muscle Nerve 48(5):705\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.23964","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"1582_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24769","volume":"53","author":"M Benatar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benatar M, Mcdermott MP, Sanders DB et al (2016) Efficacy of prednisone for the treatment of ocular myasthenia (EPIT-OME): a randomized, controlled trial. Muscle Nerve 53(3):363\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.24769","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1582_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8045-z","volume":"263","author":"N Melzer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Melzer N, Ruck T, Fuhr P et al (2016) Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of myasthenia gravis. A supplement to the Guidelines of the German Neurological Society. J Neurol. 263:1473\u20131494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-016-8045-z","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"1582_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25971","volume":"57","author":"SK Kamarajah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kamarajah SK, Sadalage G, Palmer J et al (2018) Ocular presentation of myasthenia gravis: a natural history cohort. Muscle Nerve 57:622\u2013627","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1582_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25205","volume":"54","author":"JB Andersen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersen JB, Gilhus NE, Sanders DB (2016) Factors affecting outcome in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 54:1041\u20131049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.25205","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1582_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12439","volume":"21","author":"JB Andersen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andersen JB, Owe JF, Engeland A, Gilhus NE (2014) Total drug treatment and comorbidity in myasthenia gravis: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Neurol 21:948\u2013955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.12439","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"1582_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-018-0943-7","volume":"118","author":"G Galassi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galassi G, Mazzoli M, Ariatti A et al (2018) Antibody profile may predict outcome in ocular myasthenia gravis. Acta Neurol Belg 118:435\u2013443","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"1582_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25983","volume":"57","author":"KY Teo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teo KY, Tow SL, Haaland B et al (2018) Low conversion rate of ocular to generalized myasthenia gravis in Singapore. Muscle Nerve 57:756\u2013760","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1582_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.1444","volume":"72","author":"CE Peeler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peeler CE, De Lott LB, Nagia L et al (2015) Clinical utility of acetylcholine receptor antibody testing in ocular myasthenia gravis. JAMA Neurol 72:1170\u20131174","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"1582_CR34","first-page":"30197","volume":"9394","author":"TM Hendricks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hendricks TM, Bhatti MT, Hodge DO et al (2019) Incidence, epidemiology, and transformation of ocular myasthenia gravis: a population-based study. Am J Ophthalmol 9394:30197\u201330207","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1582_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.001","volume":"12","author":"JJ Verschuuren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Verschuuren JJ, Huijbers MG, Plomp JJ, Niks EH, Molenaar PC, Martinez-Martinez P, Gomez AM, De Baets MH, Losen M (2013) Pathophysiology of Myasthenia Gravis with antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor, muscle-specific kinase and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4. Autoimmun Rev 12(9):918\u2013923","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1582_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2013.853664","volume":"124","author":"A Ariatti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ariatti A, Stefani M, Miceli P et al (2014) Prognostic factors and health-related quality of life in ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG). Int J Neurosci 124(6):427\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00207454.2013.853664","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"1582_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1988.tb06970.x","volume":"77","author":"A Evoli","year":"1988","unstructured":"Evoli A, Tonali P, Bartoccioni E, Monaco Lo M (1988) Ocular myasthenia diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Acta Neurol Scand 77:31\u201335","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"1582_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26172","volume":"58","author":"TA Europa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Europa TA, Nel M, Heckmann JM (2018) Myasthenic ophthalmoparesis: time to resolution after initiating immune therapies. Muscle Nerve 58:542\u2013549","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1582_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20180620-01","volume":"55","author":"YG Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee YG, Kim US (2018) Efficacy and safety of low-to-moderate dose oral corticosteroid treatment in ocular myasthenia gravis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 55:339\u2013342","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"1582_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.05.003","volume":"402","author":"Y Ozawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ozawa Y, Uzawa A, Kanai T et al (2019) Efficacy of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone therapy for ocular myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci 402:12\u201315","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1582_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200312000-00002","volume":"23","author":"J Mee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mee J, Paine M, Byrne E, King J, Reardon K, O\u2019Day J (2003) Immunotherapy of ocular myasthenia gravis reduces conversion to generalized myasthenia gravis. J Neuro Ophthalmol 23(4):251\u2013255","journal-title":"J Neuro Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1582_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.2.156","volume":"62","author":"N Sommer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sommer N, Sigg B, Melms A, Weller M, Schepelmann K, Herzau V et al (1997) Ocular myasthenia gravis: response to long-term immunosuppressive treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62:156\u2013162","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1582_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/CND.0b013e31821c5634","volume":"13","author":"MK Mittal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mittal MK, Barohn RJ, Pasnoor M, McVey A, Herbelin L, Whittaker T et al (2011) Ocular myasthenia gravis in an academic neuroophthalmology clinic: clinical features and therapeutic response. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 13:46\u201352","journal-title":"J Clin Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"1582_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000263481.14289.90","volume":"68","author":"M Benatar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Benatar M, Kaminski HJ (2007) Evidence report: the medical treatment of ocular myasthenia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 68:2144\u20132149","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurologica Belgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13760-020-01582-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13760-020-01582-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13760-020-01582-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T11:55:39Z","timestamp":1649246139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13760-020-01582-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13760-020-01582-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9009","2240-2993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9009","type":"print"},{"value":"2240-2993","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}