{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:22:27Z","timestamp":1792549347262,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004375","name":"Tel Aviv University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurol Belg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a benign neurological syndrome of unknown etiology, causing sudden anterograde amnesia that lasts up to 24\u00a0h. During the episode of TGA, other cognitive functions are normal. This is the first study describing the characteristics of the disease in Israel.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A retrospective review of all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of TGA at Shamir Medical Center (SMC) between January 2016 and December 2021.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>One-hundred and four patients with confirmed TGA were identified, with an average age of 64 years (range: 39\u201387). The annual incidence of TGA was 2.52 per 100,000 and 6.96 per 100,000 among those over 50, with a slight female predominance. The recurrence rate was 11.5%. 61.5% of patients had one or more cerebrovascular risk factors. A precipitating factor was described in 30.8% of cases, with emotional stress, Valsalva maneuver and sexual intercourse being the most prevalent. Chronic ischemic changes were the most common imaging abnormality. Focal slowing was found in nine patients, and epileptic activity was found in four patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this study, we showed that patient characteristics and clinical features of TGA patients in Israel were similar to those described in other reports worldwide. We were unable to demonstrate a specific risk factor or a causative agent. Interestingly, the annual incidence in Israel was lower than in other countries.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-024-02703-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T14:25:00Z","timestamp":1735568700000},"page":"417-423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical features and prognosis of transient global amnesia in Israel: 6 years\u2019 single-center experience"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Ido","family":"Gindes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itzhak","family":"Kimiagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomi","family":"Peretz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilad","family":"Kenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2703_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arena JE, Rabinstein AA (2015) Transient global amnesia. Mayo Clin Proc.;90(2):264\u201372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.12.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"2703_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.5.733","volume":"37","author":"JW Miller","year":"1987","unstructured":"Miller JW, Petersen RC, Metter EJ, Millikan CH, Yanagihara T (1987) Transient global amnesia: Clinical characteristics and prognosis. Neurology 37(5):733\u2013737","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2703_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00215.x","volume":"95","author":"G Lauria","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lauria G, Gentile M, Fassetta G, Casetta I, Caneve G (1997) Incidence of transient global amnesia in the Belluno province, Italy: 1985 through 1995. Results of a community-based study. Acta Neurol Scand 95(5):303\u2013310","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"7","key":"2703_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2213867","volume":"388","author":"AH Ropper","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ropper AH (2023) Transient Global Amnesia. N Engl J Med 388(7):635\u2013640","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2703_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.10.834","volume":"53","author":"JR Hodges","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hodges JR, Warlow CP (1990) Syndromes of transient amnesia: towards a classification. A study of 153 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53(10):834\u2013843","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2703_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1990.tb01571.x","volume":"81","author":"KJ Koski","year":"1990","unstructured":"Koski KJ, Marttila RJ (1990) Transient global amnesia: Incidence in an urban population. Acta Neurol Scand 81(4):358\u2013360","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"2703_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410180610","volume":"18","author":"M Kushner","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kushner M, Hauser W (1985) Transient global amnesia: A case-control study. Annals Neurology: Official J Am Neurol Association Child Neurol Soc 18(6):684\u2013691","journal-title":"Annals Neurology: Official J Am Neurol Association Child Neurol Soc"},{"key":"2703_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1984.tb00842.x","volume":"70","author":"G Cattaino","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cattaino G, Querin F, Pomes A, Piazza P (1984) Transient global amnesia. Acta Neurol Scand 70:385\u2013390","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"2703_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.5.3.303","volume":"5","author":"N Mathew","year":"1974","unstructured":"Mathew N, Meyir J (1974) Pathogenesis and natural history of transient global amnesia. Stroke 5(3):303\u2013311","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"2703_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1159\/000116787","volume":"32","author":"C Gandolfo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gandolfo C, Caponnetto C, Conti M, Dagnino N, Del Sette M, Primavera A (1992) Prognosis of transient global amnesia: A long-term follow-up study. Eur Neurol 32(1):52\u201357","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2703_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01658-8","volume":"20","author":"R Tynas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tynas R, Panegyres PK (2020) Factors determining recurrence in transient global amnesia. BMC Neurol 20(1):1\u20137","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"9125","key":"2703_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)01442-1","volume":"352","author":"SL Lewis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lewis SL (1998) Aetiology of transient global amnesia. Lancet 352(9125):397\u2013399","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9246","key":"2703_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03313-4","volume":"356","author":"D Sander","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sander D, Winbeck K, Etgen T, Knapp R, Klingelh\u00f6fer J, Conrad B (2000) Disturbance of venous flow patterns in patients with transient global amnesia. Lancet 356(9246):1982\u20131984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"2703_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01408.x","volume":"13","author":"C Agosti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Agosti C, Akkawi NM, Borroni B, Padovani A (2006) Recurrency in transient global amnesia: a retrospective study. Eur J Neurol 13(9):986\u2013989","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2703_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.042432","volume":"76","author":"K Winbeck","year":"2005","unstructured":"Winbeck K, Etgen T, Von Einsiedel HG, R\u00f4ttinger M, Sander D (2005) DWI in transient global amnesia and TIA: proposal for an ischaemic origin of TGA. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76(3):438\u2013441","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2703_CR16","first-page":"147","volume":"9","author":"GJ Gilbert","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gilbert GJ (1978) Transient global amnesia: Manifestation of medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Clin EEG Neurosci 9(3):147\u2013152","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2703_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1984.04050130081029","volume":"41","author":"GF Crowell","year":"1984","unstructured":"Crowell GF, Stump DA, Biller J, Mchenry LC, Toole JF (1984) The transient global amnesia-migraine connection. Arch Neurol 41(1):75\u201379","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2703_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S299168","volume":"17","author":"S He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He S, Ye Z, Yang Q, Lin J, Chen X, Chen Z et al (2021) Transient global amnesia: Risk factors, imaging features, and prognosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 17:1611","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"2703_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(85)90063-4","volume":"3","author":"J Basior","year":"1985","unstructured":"Basior J, Vogel S, Mitton J (1985) Transient global amnesia: Diagnosis in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 3(4):352\u2013357","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2703_CR20","first-page":"205","volume":"1","author":"LB Caplan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Caplan LB (1985) Transient global amnesia. Handb Clin Neurol 1:205\u2013218","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2703_CR21","unstructured":"Miller LJ, Lu W (2020) Asia Trounces U.S. in Health-Efficiency Index Amid Pandemic - Bloomberg. Bloomberg News"},{"issue":"11","key":"2703_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30322-3","volume":"17","author":"LJ Stovner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stovner LJ, Nichols E, Steiner TJ, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Al-Raddadi RM et al (2018) Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 17(11):954","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2703_CR23","first-page":"2","volume":"19","author":"TJ Steiner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ (2023) Global epidemiology of migraine and its implications for public health and health policy. Nat Reviews Neurol 2023 19(2):2","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Neurol 2023"},{"issue":"12","key":"2703_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0894-9","volume":"252","author":"M Nedelmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nedelmann M, Eicke BM, Dieterich M (2005) Increased incidence of jugular valve insufficiency in patients with transient global amnesia. J Neurol 252(12):1482\u20131486","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2703_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.566315","volume":"41","author":"C Cejas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cejas C, Cisneros LF, Lagos R, Zuk C, Ameriso SF (2010) Internal jugular vein valve incompetence is highly prevalent in transient global amnesia. Stroke 41(1):67\u201371","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2703_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1159\/000292502","volume":"63","author":"C Agosti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Agosti C, Borroni B, Akkawi NM, Padovani A (2010) Cerebrovascular Risk Factors and Triggers in Transient Global Amnesia Patients with and without Jugular Valve Incompetence: Results from a Sample of 243 Patients. Eur Neurol 63:291\u2013294","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2703_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Donnelly EM, Blum AS (2007) Focal and generalized slowing, coma, and brain death. In: Blum AS, Rutkove SB (eds) The clinical neurophysiology primer, pp 127\u2013140. Humana Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-59745-271-7_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-271-7_9"},{"key":"2703_CR28","volume-title":"Electroencephalography (EEG): an introductory text and atlas of normal and abnormal findings in adults, children, and infants.","author":"EKS Louis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Britton JW, Frey LC, Hopp JL, Korb P, Koubeissi MZ,  Lievens WE et al (2016) Electroencephalography (EEG): an introductory text and atlas of normal and abnormal findings in adults, children, and infants. American Epilepsy Society, Chicago"},{"issue":"10","key":"2703_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2014.07.007","volume":"23","author":"F Brigo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brigo F, Igwe SC, Nardone R (2014) Transient global amnesia and the forgotten EEG pattern. Seizure 23(10):921","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"2703_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488885","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00471","volume":"13","author":"MC Duff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duff MC, Covington NV, Hilverman C, Cohen NJ (2020) Semantic Memory and the Hippocampus: Revisiting, Reaffirming, and Extending the Reach of Their Critical Relationship. Front Hum Neurosci 13:488885","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2703_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.11.2311","volume":"28","author":"AR Woolfenden","year":"1997","unstructured":"Woolfenden AR, O\u2019Brien MW, Schwartzberg RE, Norbash AM, Tong DC (1997) Diffusion-weighted MRI in transient global amnesia precipitated by cerebral angiography. Stroke 28(11):2311\u20132314","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"12","key":"2703_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000130504.88404.C9","volume":"62","author":"OL Sedlaczek","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sedlaczek OL, Hirsch JG, Grips E, Peters CNA, Gass A, W\u00f6hrle J et al (2004) Detection of delayed focal MR changes in the lateral hippocampus in transient global amnesia. Neurology 62(12):2165\u20132170","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2703_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2008.4.2.59","volume":"4","author":"Y Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang Y, Kim SY, Kim JH (2008) Ischemic Evidence of Transient Global Amnesia: Location of the Lesion in the Hippocampus. J Clin Neurol 4(2):59","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2703_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25844","volume":"47","author":"X Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang X, Zhang R, Wei W, Jiang H, Gao Z, Lin J et al (2018) Long-term sequelae of hippocampal lesions in patients with transient global amnesia: A multiparametric MRI study. J Magn Reson Imaging 47(5):1350\u20131358","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2703_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2019.09.004","volume":"38","author":"AP Jadhav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jadhav AP, Desai SM, Liebeskind DS, Wechsler LR (2020) Neuroimaging of Acute Stroke. Neurol Clin 38(1):185\u2013199","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"2703_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.01.028","volume":"180","author":"C Kirst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirst C, Skriabine S, Vieites-Prado A, Topilko T, Bertin P, Gerschenfeld G et al (2020) Mapping the Fine-Scale Organization and Plasticity of the Brain Vasculature. Cell 180(4):780\u2013795e25","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2703_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw K, Bell L, Boyd K, Grijseels DM, Clarke D, Bonnar O et al (2021) Neurovascular coupling and oxygenation are decreased in hippocampus compared to neocortex because of microvascular differences. Nat Commun 12(1):1\u201316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23508-y"},{"issue":"4749","key":"2703_CR38","first-page":"4749","volume":"188","author":"V Nair","year":"1960","unstructured":"Nair V, Palm D, Roth LJ (1960) Relative Vascularity of Certain Anatomical Areas of the Brain and Other Organs of the Rat. Nat 1960 188(4749):4749","journal-title":"Nat 1960"},{"issue":"3","key":"2703_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.038263","volume":"54","author":"AC Johnson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson AC (2023) Hippocampal Vascular Supply and Its Role in Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Stroke 54(3):673\u2013685","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"12","key":"2703_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2943","volume":"77","author":"KA Morris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morris KA, Rabinstein AA, Young NP (2020) Factors Associated With Risk of Recurrent Transient Global Amnesia. JAMA Neurol 77(12):1","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurologica Belgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13760-024-02703-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13760-024-02703-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13760-024-02703-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T04:51:29Z","timestamp":1745297489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13760-024-02703-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13760-024-02703-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9009","2240-2993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9009","type":"print"},{"value":"2240-2993","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"We confirm that we have read the Journal\u2019s position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this report is consistent with those guidelines.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical publication statement"}}]}}