{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T23:38:47Z","timestamp":1784590727828,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurol Belg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-025-02833-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T21:37:34Z","timestamp":1751319454000},"page":"11-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Insights into diagnostics and management of spinal neuroschistosomiasis: A scoping review of 230 cases of a neglected disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8077-5911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossam Tharwat","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayat Ahmad","family":"Elsherbiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab Salah","family":"Elmellah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahy El-din M.","family":"Saied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Abdelhameed","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manar Mahmoud AbouElhagag","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2833_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamed AA, Mengistu MG, Haftu H, Mustefa M, Yusuf AA Spinal cord schistosomiasis: A child\u2019s case with an unsatisfactory outcome that mimicked an intramedullary neoplasm. A rare case report. Annals of Medicine & Surgery [Internet] 2022 [cited 2025 1];82. doi: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104708doi: 10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104708"},{"key":"2833_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPQR0ELSAAWJHW","volume":"1140","author":"OI Jaber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jaber OI, Kirby PA (2013) Spinal cord schistosomiasis. Am J Clin Pathol 1140:33\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1309\/AJCPQR0ELSAAWJHW","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2833_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(00)00124-4","volume":"103","author":"J Junker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Junker J, Eckardt L, Husstedt I (2001) Cervical intramedullar schistosomiasis as a rare cause of acute tetraparesis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 103:39\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0303-8467(00)00124-4","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"2833_CR4","first-page":"131","volume":"107","author":"G Laureys","year":"2007","unstructured":"Laureys G, Chaskis C, Bourgain C, Stadnik T, Dielman C, Ebinger G (2007) A case of tropical myelopathy. Acta Neurol Belgica 107:131\u2013133. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1854\/LU-8639856","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belgica"},{"key":"2833_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(53)90007-8","volume":"47","author":"PH Abbott","year":"1953","unstructured":"Abbott PH, Spencer H (1953) Transverse myelitis due to Ova of Schistosoma mansoni. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 47:221\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0035-9203(53)90007-8","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2833_CR6","first-page":"770","volume":"29","author":"AF Ahmed","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ahmed AF, Idris AS, Kareem AM, Dawoud TA (2008) Acute toxemic schistosomiasis complicated by acute flaccid paraplegia due to schistosomal myeloradiculopathy in Sudan. Saudi Med J 29:770\u2013773. https:\/\/smj.org.sa\/content\/smj\/29\/5\/770.full.pdf","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"2833_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/jcvjs.JCVJS_2_18","volume":"9","author":"A Ashour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashour A, Elserry T, Nosser M, Fayed Z, Samir M, Fakher A et al (2018) Spinal schistosomiasis: cases in Egyptian population. J Craniovert Jun Spine 9:76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jcvjs.JCVJS_2_18","journal-title":"J Craniovert Jun Spine"},{"key":"2833_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2010.11689703","volume":"33","author":"TN Joshi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Joshi TN, Yamazaki MK, Zhao H, Becker D (2010) Spinal schistosomiasis: differential diagnosis for acute paraparesis in a US resident. J Spinal Cord Med 33:256\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.2010.11689703","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"2833_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2005.3.1.0061","volume":"3","author":"MH Kamel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kamel MH, Murphy M, Kelleher M, Aquilina K, Lim C, Marks C (2005) Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord presenting as progressive myelopathy: case report. J Neurosurgery: Spine 3:61\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/spi.2005.3.1.0061","journal-title":"J Neurosurgery: Spine"},{"key":"2833_CR10","first-page":"1646","volume":"26","author":"S Saleem","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saleem S, Belal AI, El-Ghandour NM (2005) Spinal cord schistosomiasis: MR imaging appearance with surgical and pathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:1646\u20131654. https:\/\/www.ajnr.org\/content\/26\/7\/1646.short","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2833_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2003.05.006","volume":"11","author":"TCA Ferrari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferrari TCA, Moreira PRR, Cunha AS (2004) Spinal cord schistosomiasis: a prospective study of 63 cases emphasizing clinical and therapeutic aspects. J Clin Neurosci 11:246\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2003.05.006","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2833_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arksey H, O\u2019Malley L (2005) Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol 8:19\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1364557032000119616","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"2833_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O\u2019Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D et al PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 2018 2;169:467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"2833_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.06.060","volume":"19","author":"MT Abera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abera MT, Abdela AF, Yaynishet YA, Tefera TG (2024) Arborized pattern of MRI enhancement in spinal cord schistosomiasis: A report of 2 successful case outcomes. Radiol Case Rep 19:4190\u20134194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.06.060","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"2833_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13037-018-0175-z","volume":"12","author":"AH Al-Abdulwahhab","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Abdulwahhab AH, Al-Sharydah AM, Al-Suhibani SS, Al-Jubran SA, Al-Haidey AK, Al-Hifzi AI et al (2018) Neuroschistosomiasis mimicking lower back pain: case report of a rare differential diagnosis in a pediatric patient. Patient Saf Surg 12:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13037-018-0175-z","journal-title":"Patient Saf Surg"},{"key":"2833_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alayafi HA, Alruwaili M, Aljumah TK, Alshehri A, Alrasheed D, Alanazi MF et al Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Schistosoma mansoni co-infection in a young patient with extensive longitudinal acute transverse myelitis. J Infect Dev Ctries 2022 31;16:1933\u20131938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.17023","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.17023"},{"key":"2833_CR17","first-page":"47","volume":"19","author":"HA Algahtani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Algahtani HA, Aldarmahi AA, Al-Rabia MW, Baeesa SS (2014) Acute paraplegia caused by Schistosoma mansoni. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 19:47\u201351","journal-title":"Neurosciences (Riyadh)"},{"key":"2833_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8475","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.8475","volume":"12","author":"N Aljuma\u2019ai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aljuma\u2019ai N, Ghabisha SA, Ahmed F, Al-Mwald T, Almohtadi A, Badheeb M (2024) Conus medullaris neuroschistosomiasis mimicking Guillain\u2013Barre syndrome: A case of delayed diagnosis leading to permanent neurological damage. Clin Case Rep 12:e8475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccr3.8475","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"2833_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000443787","volume":"12","author":"M Alsomaili","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alsomaili M, Abulaban AA (2016) Spinal cord schistosomiasis: two different outcomes. Case Rep Neurol 12:8:47\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000443787","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol"},{"key":"2833_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001003","volume":"41","author":"ME Altinyay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Altinyay ME, Alharthi A, Alassiri AH, Syed GMS (2016) 18F-FDG hypermetabolism in spinal cord schistosomiasis. Clin Nucl Med 41:211\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001003","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"2833_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alves J, Bonif\u00e1cio GV, Vieira R, Milit\u00e3o A, Guerreiro R Long-Lasting Latent Neuroschistosomiasis in a Nonendemic Country: A Case Report. Cureus [Internet] 2024 24 [cited 2025 1];doi: https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/266312-long-lasting-latent-neuroschistosomiasis-in-a-nonendemic-country-a-case-reportdoi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.63007","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.63007"},{"key":"2833_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1590\/s1413-86702007000400014","volume":"11","author":"AS Andrade Filho","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andrade Filho AS, Queiroz AC, Freire ACC, Lima LCS, Filho CAS, Amado IN et al (2007) Pseudotumoral form of neuroschistosomiasis: report of three cases. Braz J Infect Dis 11:435\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1413-86702007000400014","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2833_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ansari SA, Mandoorah MS, Gonog M, Halim A, Ai Moutaery KM An unusual cause of spinal paraplegia intramedullary schistosomiasis. Acta Neurochir 1999 25;141:105\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s007010050273","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010050273"},{"key":"2833_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762006000900024","volume":"101","author":"KCG Ara\u00fajo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo KCG, Silva CDRE, Barbosa CS, Ferrari TC (2006) Clinical-epidemiological profile of children with schistosomal myeloradiculopathy attended at the Instituto Materno-Infantil de Pernambuco. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 101:149\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0074-02762006000900024","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"2833_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Artal FJC Brain involvement in a Schistosoma mansoni myelopathy patient. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006 1;77:512\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2005.078014","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.078014"},{"key":"2833_CR26","unstructured":"Bac DJ, Teichler MJ, Jonker LC, van der Merwe CF Schistosomiasis in ectopic or unusual sites. A report of 5 cases. S Afr Med J 1987 21;72:717\u2013718. https:\/\/journals.co.za\/doi\/abs\/10.10520\/AJA20785135_8314"},{"key":"2833_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0720-048X(98)00006-0","volume":"27","author":"G Bennett","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bennett G, Provenzale M (1998) Schistosomal myelitis: findings at MR imaging. Eur J Radiol 27:268\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0720-048X(98)00006-0","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"39","key":"2833_CR28","first-page":"158","volume":"20","author":"AV Bird","year":"1965","unstructured":"Bird AV (1965) SPINAL CORD COMPLICATIONS, OF BILHARZIASIS. S Afr Med J 20(39):158\u2013162. https:\/\/journals.co.za\/doi\/pdf\/10.10520\/AJA20785135_38130","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2833_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(85)90010-1","volume":"87","author":"S Bissessur","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bissessur S, Minderhoud JM (1985) Two cases of schistosomiasis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 87:213\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0303-8467(85)90010-1","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"2833_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1990.61","volume":"28","author":"K Bloom","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bloom K, Freed MM (1990) Paraplegia from schistosomiasis. Spinal Cord 28:455\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.1990.61","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2833_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90317-A","volume":"341","author":"SB Blunt","year":"1993","unstructured":"Blunt SB, Boulton J, Wise R (1993) MRI in schistosomiasis of conus medullaris and lumbar spinal cord. Lancet 341:557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90317-A","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2833_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.11.018","volume":"79","author":"S Bonnefond","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonnefond S, Cnops L, Duvignaud A, Bottieau E, Pistone T, Clerinx J et al (2019) Early complicated schistosomiasis in a returning traveller: key contribution of new molecular diagnostic methods. Int J Infect Dis 79:72\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.11.018","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2833_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.181.2.1924807","volume":"181","author":"JA Brunberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Brunberg JA, DiPietro MA, Venes JL, Dauser RC, Muraszko KM, Berkey GS et al (1991) Intramedullary lesions of the pediatric spinal cord: correlation of findings from MR imaging, intraoperative sonography, surgery, and histologic study. Radiology 181:573\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.181.2.1924807","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2833_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198505233122108","volume":"23","author":"RC Cabot","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cabot RC, Scully RE, Mark EJ, McNeely BU (1985) Case 21-1985: A 21-Year-Old man with fever, diarrhea, and weakness of the legs during a sojourn in Kenya. N Engl J Med 23:312:1376\u20131383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM198505233122108","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2833_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540510035337","volume":"37","author":"ST Camargos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Camargos ST, Dantas FR, Teixeira AL (2005) Schistosomal myelopathy mimicking spinal cord neoplasm. Scand J Infect Dis 37:365\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00365540510035337","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2833_CR36","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Acute schistosomiasis with transverse myelitis in American students returning from Kenya 1984 [Internet]. [cited 2025 1]; https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/00000385.htm"},{"key":"2833_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.105.2.400","volume":"105","author":"A Chait","year":"1969","unstructured":"Chait A, Gannon WE, SCHISTOSOMIASIS OF THE SPINAL CORD (1969) Am J Roentgenol 105:400\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.105.2.400","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2833_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gellido CL, Onesti S, Llena J Miguel suarez. Spinal schistosomiasis. Neurol 2000 25;54:527\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.54.2.527","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.2.527"},{"key":"2833_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0713-6","volume":"25","author":"A Chauvin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chauvin A, Ghazali A, Le Jeunne C, Plaisance P, Szwebel TA, Costedoat-Chalumeau N et al (2019) Acute paraplegia due to schistosomiasis: an uncommon cause in developed countries. J Neurovirol 25:434\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-018-0713-6","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"2833_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen AWY, Alam MH, Williamson JML, Brawn LA An unusually late presentation of neuroschistosomiasis. Journal of Infection 2006 1;53:e155\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.11.003"},{"key":"2833_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chew R Probable spinal neuroschistosomiasis manifesting as transverse myelitis. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 2021 1;105:1439\u20131441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0649","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0649"},{"key":"2833_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.378704","volume":"71","author":"R Chhajed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chhajed R, Turel MK (2023) Intramedullary schistosomiasis: an unusual cause of myelopathy in India. Neurol India 71:589\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.378704","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"2833_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.060113","volume":"12","author":"J Clerinx","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clerinx J, Van Gompel A, Lynen L, Ceulemans B (2006) Early neuroschistosomiasis complicating Katayama syndrome. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1465\u20131466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1209.060113","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2833_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31822769bd","volume":"30","author":"C Crowell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crowell C, Kiruga JM, Figaji A, Simat K, Padayachy L, Pillay K et al (2011) Neuroschistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium presenting as spinal cord tumor. Pediatr Infect Disease J 30:1006\u20131008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0b013e31822769bd","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Disease J"},{"key":"2833_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05267-9","volume":"37","author":"PA Dastoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dastoli PA, Leite AL, Da Costa MDS, Nic\u00e1cio JM, Pinho RS, Ferrarini MAG et al (2021) Medullary neuroschistosomiasis in adolescence: case report and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst 37:2735\u20132741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00381-021-05267-9","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"2833_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.12.002","volume":"60","author":"AHC De Jongste","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Jongste AHC, Tilanus AMR, Bax H, Willems MHA, Van Der Feltz M, Van Hellemond JJ (2010) New insights in diagnosing Schistosoma myelopathy. J Infect 60:244\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.12.002","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2833_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Wilton A, Aggarwal D, J\u00e4ger HR, Manji H, Chiodini PL Delayed diagnosis of spinal cord schistosomiasis in a non-endemic country: A tertiary referral centre experience. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021 11;15:e0009161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009161","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009161"},{"key":"2833_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05428-2","volume":"20","author":"ALC Domingues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Domingues ALC, Barbosa CS, Agt TFA, Mota AB, Franco CMR, Lopes EP et al (2020) Spinal neuroschistosomiasis caused by schistoma mansoni: cases reported in two brothers. BMC Infect Dis 20:724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05428-2","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2833_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200053","DOI":"10.1259\/bjrcr.20200053","volume":"7","author":"A El Beltagi","year":"2021","unstructured":"El Beltagi A, Salem K, Hanoun M (2021) Neuro-schistosomiasis with palm tree contrast enhancement pattern, a report of three cases, and review of literature. BJR|case Rep 7:20200053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjrcr.20200053","journal-title":"BJR|case Rep"},{"key":"2833_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.11.17","volume":"11","author":"A El-Banhawy","year":"1971","unstructured":"El-Banhawy A (1971) Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord, Conus and cauda. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 11:17\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmc.11.17","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)"},{"key":"2833_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elkhayat RAA-M, Girgis M Bilharzial granuloma of the Conus. Neurosurg 1993 1;32:1022\u20131024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/00006123-199306000-00024","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199306000-00024"},{"key":"2833_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferrari TCA (1999) Spinal cord schistosomiasis: A report of 2 cases and review emphasizing clinical aspects, vol 78. Medicine, pp 179\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005792-199905000-00004","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199905000-00004"},{"key":"2833_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.08.016","volume":"230","author":"TCA Ferrari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferrari TCA, Faria LC, Vila\u00e7a TS, Correa CR, G\u00f3es AM (2011) Identification and characterization of immune complexes in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with spinal cord schistosomiasis. J Neuroimmunol 230:188\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.08.016","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"2833_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2020.101479","volume":"34","author":"LG Freitas Filho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freitas Filho LG, Carvalho Da Fonseca AC, Magalh\u00e3es RM, Guerreiro Paiva TR, Coelho G, Gomes Abreu MC (2021) Spinal cord tumor leading to urinary retention resulting from Schistosoma mansoni infection in a child. Urol Case Rep 34:101479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eucr.2020.101479","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep"},{"key":"2833_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711110110","volume":"111","author":"AF Ghaly","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ghaly AF, El-Banhawy A (1973) Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord. J Pathol 111:57\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.1711110110","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2833_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(96)80252-2","volume":"51","author":"S Grand","year":"1996","unstructured":"Grand S, Movet E, Le Bas J-F (1996) Case report: spinal cord schistosomiasis: MRI findings. Clin Radiol 51:739\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0009-9260(96)80252-2","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2833_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.2.709","volume":"114","author":"HC Haribhai","year":"1991","unstructured":"Haribhai HC, Bhigjee AI, Bill PLA, Pammenter MD, Modi G, Hoffmann M et al (1991) SPINAL CORD SCHISTOSOMIASIS: A CLINICAL, LABORATORY AND RADIOLOGICAL STUDY, WITH A NOTE ON HERAPEUTIC ASPECTS. Brain 114:709\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/114.2.709","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2833_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H\u00e4rter G, Frickmann H, Zenk S, Wichmann D, Ammann B, Kern P et al Diagnosis of neuroschistosomiasis by antibody specificity index and semi-quantitative real-time PCR from cerebrospinal fluid and serum. J Med Microbiol 2014 1;63:309\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.066142-0","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.066142-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"2833_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5217.1931","volume":"31","author":"PW Hutton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hutton PW, Holland JT (1960) Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord. BMJ 31(2):1931\u20131933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.2.5217.1931","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2833_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2007.02.026","volume":"69","author":"Y-G Jiang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jiang Y-G, Zhang M-M, Xiang J (2008) Spinal cord schistosomiasis japonica: a report of 4 cases. Surg Neurol 69:392\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surneu.2007.02.026","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"2833_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim AH, Maher CO, Smith ER Lumbar intramedullary spinal schistosomiasis presenting as progressive paraparesis: case report. Neurosurg 2006 1;58:E996\u2013E996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000210223.25400.C7","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000210223.25400.C7"},{"key":"2833_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2010.47.2.151","volume":"47","author":"JK Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim JK, Hong SH, Lee J-K (2010) High-Level cervical spinal cord stimulation used to treat intractable pain arising from transverse myelitis caused by schistosomiasis. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 47:151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3340\/jkns.2010.47.2.151","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"2833_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2021.11.018","volume":"17","author":"K Kollapen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kollapen K, Ebrahim Suleman F, Smuts I, Siwela L (2022) Medullary neuroschistosomiasis in a pediatric patient: a case report. Radiol Case Rep 17:462\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radcr.2021.11.018","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"2833_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/48.3.183","volume":"1","author":"R Koul","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koul R (2002) Schistosoma mansoni myeloradiculopathy in an 8-year-old Omani Boy. J Trop Pediatr 1:48:183\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tropej\/48.3.183","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"2833_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kvernland A, Wong E, Kurzweil A Spinal schistosomiasis masquerading as an intramedullary Astrocytoma (P5.9-034). Neurology 2019 9;92:P5.9-034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.92.15_supplement.P5.9-034","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.92.15_supplement.P5.9-034"},{"key":"2833_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laaguili J, Habibou Mahamane L, Mchome LL, Seylan D, Boutarbouch M, El Ouahabi A Schistosoma haematobium, a rare aetiology of spinal cord compression. Br J Neurosurg 2018 2;32:682\u2013683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02688697.2017.1297366","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2017.1297366"},{"key":"2833_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000070873","volume":"39","author":"OA Labeodan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Labeodan OA, Sur M (2003) Intramedullary schistosomiasis. Pediatr Neurosurg 39:14\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000070873","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"2833_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822009000300019","volume":"42","author":"JR Lambertucci","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lambertucci JR, Souza-Pereira SR, Carvalho TA (2009) Simultaneous occurrence of brain tumor and myeloradiculopathy in schistosomiasis mansoni: case report. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 42:338\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0037-86822009000300019","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"2833_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2008.03.016","volume":"39","author":"J Lighter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lighter J, Kim M, Krasinski K (2008) Intramedullary schistosomiasis presenting in an adolescent with prolonged intermittent back pain. Pediatr Neurol 39:44\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2008.03.016","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2833_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.05.007","volume":"103","author":"CA Macdonald","year":"2009","unstructured":"Macdonald CA, Jardine DL, Hurrell MA, Pithie AD (2009) The worm that turned. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 103:1065\u20131067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.05.007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2833_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2007.00082.x","volume":"17","author":"ACM Maia Jr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maia ACM Jr, Silva LRF, Guimar\u00e3es MD, Gomes FL, Bichuetti DB, St\u00e1vale JN et al (2007) Spinal cord compression secondary to epidural bilharzioma: case report. J Neuroimaging 17:367\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2007.00082.x","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2833_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.10.FOCUS18472","volume":"46","author":"N Majmundar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Majmundar N, Patel PD, Dodson V, Tran A, Goldstein I, Assina R (2019) Parasitic infections of the spine: case series and review of the literature. NeuroSurg Focus 46:E12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2018.10.FOCUS18472","journal-title":"NeuroSurg Focus"},{"key":"2833_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000316307.81089.ce","volume":"71","author":"A Makinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Makinson A, Morales RJ, Basset D, Bouchaud O, Verdon R, Hosseini H et al (2008) DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES TO IMPORTED SCHISTOSOMAL MYELORADICULOPATHY IN TRAVELERS. Neurology 71:66\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000316307.81089.ce","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2833_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01759","volume":"32","author":"MA Mansour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mansour MA, Bayoumi M, Hamdi A, Moawad Y, Ayad AA, Ahmadi Z (2023) Spinal schistosomiasis masquerading as an intramedullary tumor. IDCases 32:e01759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01759","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"2833_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcial-Rojas RA, Fiol RE Neurologic complications of schistosomiasis: review of the literature and report of two cases of transverse myelitis due to S. Mansoni. Ann Intern Med 1963 1;59:215\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-59-2-215","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-59-2-215"},{"key":"2833_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matarneh AS, Abdullah W, Khan AA, Sadiq A, Farooqui K A Case of Neuroschistosomiasis Presenting as Transverse Myelitis: The Importance of History Taking. Cureus [Internet] 2020 11 [cited 2025 1];doi: https:\/\/www.cureus.com\/articles\/43703-a-case-of-neuroschistosomiasis-presenting-as-transverse-myelitis-the-importance-of-history-takingdoi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.11445","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.11445"},{"key":"2833_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bcr2013200229","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-200229","volume":"21","author":"O Mikulich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mikulich O, Chaila E, Crotty JM, Watts M (2013) Spinal cord schistosomiasis presenting as a spinal cord syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 21:bcr2013200229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2013-200229","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2833_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohandas P, Sarkar H, Jain D, Sundaram VKG A case report of conus intramedullary mansoni neuroschistosomiasis. Surg Neurol Int 2023 21;14:139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/SNI_47_2023","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_47_2023"},{"key":"2833_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000002008","volume":"86","author":"YD Molla","year":"2024","unstructured":"Molla YD, Alemu HT, Zegeye KB, Answar IO, Abera SA, Adisu GD et al (2024) Spinal schistosomiasis mimickingspinal tumour: a case report. Annals Med Surg 86:3169\u20133174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MS9.0000000000002008","journal-title":"Annals Med Surg"},{"key":"2833_CR80","unstructured":"Molyneux ME, Galatius-Jensen F Successful drug treatment of schistosomal myelopathy. A case report. S Afr Med J 1978 18;54:871\u2013872. https:\/\/journals.co.za\/doi\/pdf\/10.10520\/AJA20785135_19229"},{"key":"2833_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(73)90004-7","volume":"67","author":"J Neves","year":"1973","unstructured":"Neves J, Marinho RP, De Araujo PK, Raso P (1973) Spinal cord complications of acute schistosomiasis mansoni. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 67:782\u2013792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0035-9203(73)90004-7","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2833_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Obayo A, Mbugua S, Ali SK Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis: A Sub-Saharan conundrum. Case Rep Neurol Med 2020 9;2020:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/8879121","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8879121"},{"key":"2833_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.29.4.0417","volume":"29","author":"EL Odeku","year":"1968","unstructured":"Odeku EL, Lucas AO, Richard DR (1968) Intramedullary spinal cord schistosomiasis: case report. J Neurosurg 29:417\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1968.29.4.0417","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2833_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2018232","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/2020\/38\/2018232","volume":"38","author":"LSD Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oliveira LSD, Kuzma GDSP, Costa LCV, Jo\u00e3o PRD (2020) SCHISTOSOMAL MYELORADICULOPATHY IN A NON-ENDEMIC AREA. Rev Paul Pediatr 38:e2018232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1984-0462\/2020\/38\/2018232","journal-title":"Rev Paul Pediatr"},{"key":"2833_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1054\/jocn.2001.0981","volume":"9","author":"S Olson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Olson S, Rossato R, Guazzo E (2002) Spinal schistosomiasis. J Clin Neurosci 9:317\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/jocn.2001.0981","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2833_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Owor G, Korolev A, Ssenyonjo H, Kiryabwire J Schistomiasis of the spinal cord: report of two cases. E Af Med Jrnl 2001 1;78:49\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/eamj.v78i1.9113","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v78i1.9113"},{"key":"2833_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palin MS, Mathew R, Towns G Spinal neuroschistosomiasis. Br J Neurosurg 2015 4;29:582\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02688697.2015.1016890","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2015.1016890"},{"key":"2833_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.132235","volume":"5","author":"L Pappamikail","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pappamikail L, Fernandes P, Gon\u00e7alves C (2014) Medullary schistosomiasis. Surg Neurol Int 5:66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2152-7806.132235","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"2833_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2002000200007","volume":"60","author":"JAD Paz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paz JAD, Valente M, Casella EB, Marques-Dias MJ (2002) Spinal cord schistosomiasis in children: analysis of seven cases. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr 60:224\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0004-282X2002000200007","journal-title":"Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr"},{"key":"2833_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-195810000-00015","volume":"17","author":"WJ Pepler","year":"1958","unstructured":"Pepler WJ, Lombaard CM (1958) Spinal cord granuloma due to Schistosoma haematobium: report of one case. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 17:656\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005072-195810000-00015","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2833_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1978.17","volume":"16","author":"GM Pool","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pool GM (1978) Tropical paraplegia: a case of transverse myelitis, probably caused by schistosomiasis mansoni. Spinal Cord 16:113\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.1978.17","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2833_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Queiroz LDS, Nucci A, Facure NO, Facure JJ Massive spinal cord necrosis in schistosomiasis. Archives Neurol 1979 1;36:517\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.1979.00500440087021","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1979.00500440087021"},{"key":"2833_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00080-0","volume":"49","author":"S Razdan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Razdan S, Vlachiotis JD, Edelstein RA, Krane RJ, Siroky MB (1997) Schistosomal myelopathy as a cause of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Urology 49:777\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00080-0","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2833_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_484_2020","volume":"11","author":"DB Rodrigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodrigues DB, Rodrigues AB, Queiroz JWM, Braga MC, Kita WS, Netto RHD et al (2020) Intramedullary spinal schistosomiasis in a child with acute myelopathy: A case report. Surg Neurol Int 11:371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/SNI_484_2020","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"2833_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195205222462105","volume":"22246","author":"GL Ross","year":"1952","unstructured":"Ross GL, Norcross JW, Horrax G (1952) Spinal-Cord involvement by schistosomiasis mansoni. N Engl J Med 22246:823\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM195205222462105","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2833_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salim AD, Arbab MA, El Hassan LA, El Hassan AM Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord: report of 5 cases from Sudan. East Mediterr Health J 2012 1;18:294\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26719\/2012.18.3.294","DOI":"10.26719\/2012.18.3.294"},{"key":"2833_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.110103","volume":"122","author":"S Sassi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sassi S, Touarsa F, Jaradat T, Arkha Y, El Ouazzani H, Cherradi N (2024) Intramedullary spinal schistosomiasis: A case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep 122:110103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.110103","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"2833_CR98","first-page":"57","volume":"11","author":"N Saxe","year":"1975","unstructured":"Saxe N, Gordon W (1975) Schistosomiasis of spinal cord and skin. S Afr Med J 11:49:57\u201358. https:\/\/journals.co.za\/doi\/pdf\/10.10520\/AJA20785135_26787","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"2833_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699409027976","volume":"8","author":"E Shail","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shail E, Siqueira EB, Haider A, Halim M (1994) Neuroschistosomiasis myelopathy: case report. Br J Neurosurg 8:239\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02688699409027976","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2833_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20180335","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0335-2018","volume":"52","author":"MAD Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silva MAD, Nai GA, Tashima NT, Chagas FN, Basso SM, Geraldini ACF et al (2019) Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy - A case report. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 52:e20180335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0037-8682-0335-2018","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"2833_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1987.82","volume":"25","author":"I Suchet","year":"1987","unstructured":"Suchet I, Klein C, Horwitz T, Lalla S, Doodha M (1987) Spinal cord schistosomiasis: a case report and review of the literature. Spinal Cord 25:491\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.1987.82","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2833_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Truter PJ, van der Merwe JV Transverse myelitis caused by schistosomiasis during pregnancy. A case report. S Afr Med J 1987 7;71:184\u2013185. https:\/\/www.acpjournals.org\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"2833_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.6.1065","volume":"82","author":"K Ueki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ueki K, Parisi JE, Onofrio BM (1995) Schistosoma mansoni infection involving the spinal cord: case report. J Neurosurg 82:1065\u20131067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1995.82.6.1065","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2833_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.5.690","volume":"1","author":"H Van Leusen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van Leusen H (2000) Spinal cord schistosomiasis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1:69:690\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.69.5.690","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2833_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000902","volume":"34","author":"J Victor Salgado","year":"2015","unstructured":"Victor Salgado J, Da Silva Cruz Salgado IA, Braga J\u00fanior LL, Marques Serra SC, De Carvalho Barros VM, Alves Silva MJ et al (2015) Myeloradicular form of neuroschistosomiasis in a Six-Year-Old Boy infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Pediatr Infect Disease J 34:1409\u20131411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0000000000000902","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Disease J"},{"key":"2833_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2012000300011","volume":"70","author":"CHF Vidal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vidal CHF, Ferreira MLB, Azevedo Filho HRCD, Gurgel FV, Brainer-Lima AM (2012) Extensive spinal cord involvement in magnetic resonance imaging evaluation on schistosomal myelitis. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr 70:210\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0004-282X2012000300011","journal-title":"Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr"},{"key":"2833_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2011000200009","volume":"69","author":"CHF Vidal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vidal CHF, Silva JCD, Souza JJO, Bernardino SPB, Ferreira MLB (2011) Radicular dysfunction preponderance at early phase clinical evaluation in myelitis by Schistosoma mansoni. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr 69:188\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0004-282X2011000200009","journal-title":"Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr"},{"key":"2833_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/85.3.535","volume":"85","author":"GS Wakefield","year":"1962","unstructured":"Wakefield GS, Carroll JD, Speed DE, SCHISTOSOMIASIS OF THE SPINAL (1962) CORD Brain 85:535\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/85.3.535","journal-title":"CORD Brain"},{"key":"2833_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2006.5.2.146","volume":"5","author":"F Wan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wan F, Li L, Chen J, Chen J, Lei T, Xue D et al (2006) Conus Medullaris Schistosomiasis SPI 5:146\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/spi.2006.5.2.146","journal-title":"Conus Medullaris Schistosomiasis SPI"},{"key":"2833_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v81i5.9173","volume":"20","author":"P Wanyoike","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wanyoike P, Qureshi M (2004) Schistosoma mansoni of the conus medularis: case report. E Af Med Jrnl 20:81:271\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/eamj.v81i5.9173","journal-title":"E Af Med Jrnl"},{"key":"2833_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yankey KP, Awoonor-William R, Owusu DN, Sackeyfio A, Nyarko V, Gross-Fenandez L et al Neuroschistosomiasis: A case report and review of literature. J West Afr Coll Surg [Internet] 2024 18 [cited 2025 1]; https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_174_23","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_174_23"},{"key":"2833_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009083","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009083","volume":"15","author":"DV Ayabina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ayabina DV, Clark J, Bayley H, Lamberton PHL, Toor J, Hollingsworth TD (2021) Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15:e0009083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009083","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2833_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pirzaman AT, Sepidarkish M, Alizadeh F, Al-Obidy S, Ebrahimi P, Kianifard N et al Prevalence of human Schistosoma mansoni infection in endemic regions (2010\u20132024): a systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine [Internet] 2024 1 [cited 2025 1];77. doi: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/eclinm\/article\/PIIS2589-https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102855"},{"key":"2833_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804279-3.00012-5","volume":"146","author":"F Benninger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benninger F, Steiner I (2018) CSF in acute and chronic infectious diseases. Handb Clin Neurol 146:187\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-804279-3.00012-5","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"2833_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prasad S, Nassar M, Azzam AY, Garc\u00eda-Muro-San Jos\u00e9 F, Jamee M, Sliman RKA et al CaReL guidelines: A consensus-based guideline on case reports and literature review (CaReL). Barw Medical Journal 2024; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58742\/bmj.v2i2.89","DOI":"10.58742\/bmj.v2i2.89"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurologica Belgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13760-025-02833-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13760-025-02833-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13760-025-02833-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:54:45Z","timestamp":1773384885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13760-025-02833-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13760-025-02833-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9009","2240-2993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9009","type":"print"},{"value":"2240-2993","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}