{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:45:34Z","timestamp":1786463134932,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Neurol Belg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-026-03061-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T09:44:33Z","timestamp":1776332673000},"page":"1269-1279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fatigue rather than cognitive reserve is associated with self-management in low-disability multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7499-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simge","family":"Karadeniz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6034-8808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bengu","family":"Altunan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7702-8437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aysun","family":"\u00dcnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0245-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filiz","family":"Dilek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9707-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuba Karakoyun","family":"Alpay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3061_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","volume":"372","author":"A Compston","year":"2008","unstructured":"Compston A, Coles A (2008) Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 372:1502\u20131517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3061_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","volume":"26","author":"C Walton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton C et al (2020) Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler 26:1816\u20131821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458520970841","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"3061_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70259-X","volume":"7","author":"ND Chiaravalloti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J (2008) Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 7:1139\u20131151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70259-X","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3061_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Restuccia G et al (2025) Serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers as predictors of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Neurol 273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-025-13499-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13499-x"},{"key":"3061_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.22088\/cjim.15.3.392","volume":"15","author":"M Askari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Askari M et al (2024) Prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Casp J Intern Med 15:392\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22088\/cjim.15.3.392","journal-title":"Casp J Intern Med"},{"key":"3061_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090912","volume":"15","author":"JF Sumowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sumowski JF et al (2009) Cognitive reserve moderates the negative effect of brain atrophy on cognitive efficiency in multiple sclerosis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 15:606\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617709090912","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"3061_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0355-1","volume":"16","author":"J DeLuca","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeLuca J et al (2020) Treatment and management of cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 16:319\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-020-0355-1","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"3061_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.009","volume":"22","author":"S Ozakbas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ozakbas S et al (2018) Prevalence of and risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Multi-center, controlled trial. Mult SclerRelatDisord 22:70\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2018.03.009","journal-title":"Mult SclerRelatDisord"},{"key":"3061_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6","volume":"11","author":"Y Stern","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stern Y (2012) Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 11:1006\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3061_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","volume":"8","author":"Y Stern","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stern Y (2002) What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 8:448\u2013460 PMID: 11939702","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"3061_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513498834","volume":"19","author":"JF Sumowski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sumowski JF, Leavitt VM (2013) Cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 19:1122\u20131127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458513498834","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"3061_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104482","volume":"70","author":"A Tremblay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tremblay A et al (2023) Cognitive reserve as a moderating factor between EDSS and cognition in multiple sclerosis. Mult SclerRelatDisord 70:104482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104482","journal-title":"Mult SclerRelatDisord"},{"key":"3061_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390902740643","volume":"31","author":"JF Sumowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sumowski JF et al (2009) Cognitive reserve protects against cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 31:913\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390902740643","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"3061_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-012-9383-8","volume":"44","author":"CE Schwartz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwartz CE et al (2012) Cognitive reserve and patient-reported outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Ann Behav Med 44:287\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-012-9383-8","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"3061_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp307","volume":"133","author":"JF Sumowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sumowski JF et al (2010) Intellectual enrichment is linked to cerebral efficiency in multiple sclerosis: functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for cognitive reserve. Brain 133:362\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awp307","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3061_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2601_01","volume":"26","author":"KR Lorig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lorig KR, Holman H (2003) Self-management education: History, definition, outcomes, and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med 26:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15324796ABM2601_01","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"3061_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/0034355209348232","volume":"53","author":"M Bishop","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bishop M, Frain M (2010) Development and psychometric analysis of the Multiple Sclerosis Self-Management Scale. Rehabilitation Couns Bull 53:45\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0034355209348232","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Couns Bull"},{"key":"3061_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0248135","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248135","volume":"16","author":"M Wilski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilski M et al (2021) The perceived impact of multiple sclerosis and self-management: The mediating role of coping strategies. PLoS ONE 16:e0248135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0248135","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3061_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13236","volume":"142","author":"M Wilski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilski M et al (2020) Psychological factors associated with self-management in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 142:50\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ane.13236","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"3061_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827f07be","volume":"80","author":"BM Kluger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kluger BM et al (2013) Fatigue and fatigability in neurological illnesses: Proposal for a unified taxonomy. Neurology 80:409\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827f07be","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3061_CR21","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: The exercise of control,W","author":"A Bandura","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bandura A (1997) Self-efficacy: The exercise of control,W. H. Freeman and Company, New York"},{"key":"3061_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba","volume":"35","author":"B Riegel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riegel B et al (2012) A middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. Adv Nurs Sci 35:194\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ANS.0b013e318261b1ba","journal-title":"Adv Nurs Sci"},{"key":"3061_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103880","volume":"63","author":"H Efendi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Efendi H et al (2022) The effect of cognitive performance on self-management behavior of multiple sclerosis patients. Mult SclerRelatDisord 63:103880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103880","journal-title":"Mult SclerRelatDisord"},{"key":"3061_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","volume":"17","author":"AJ Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson AJ et al (2018) Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 17:162\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3061_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.33.11.1444","volume":"33","author":"JF Kurtzke","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kurtzke JF (1983) Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33:1444\u20131452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.33.11.1444","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3061_CR26","volume-title":"Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory","author":"AT Beck","year":"1993","unstructured":"Beck AT, Steer RA (1993) Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio"},{"key":"3061_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859900500409","volume":"5","author":"JS Fischer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fischer JS et al (1999) Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC): an integrated approach to MS clinical outcome assessment. Mult Scler 5:244\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135245859900500409","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"3061_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509354552","volume":"16","author":"AS Drake","year":"2010","unstructured":"Drake AS et al (2010) Psychometrics and normative data for the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite: replacing the PASAT with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Mult Scler 16:228\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458509354552","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"3061_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004977","volume":"90","author":"JF Sumowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sumowski JF et al (2018) Cognition in multiple sclerosis: State of the field and priorities for the future. Neurology 90:278\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004977","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3061_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102950","volume":"51","author":"J Sandry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandry J et al (2021) The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is sensitive but non-specific in MS: Lexical access speed, memory, and information processing speed independently contribute to SDMT performance. Mult SclerRelatDisord 51:102950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102950","journal-title":"Mult SclerRelatDisord"},{"key":"3061_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0296-2","volume":"15","author":"M L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3ngora","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3ngora M et al (2015) A one-year follow-up study of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an appraisal of comparative longitudinal sensitivity. BMC Neurol 15:40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-015-0296-2","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"3061_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102301","volume":"43","author":"LB Strober","year":"2020","unstructured":"Strober LB et al (2020) A new look at an old test: Normative data of the symbol digit modalities test -Oral version. Mult SclerRelatDisord 43:102301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102301","journal-title":"Mult SclerRelatDisord"},{"key":"3061_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.07.003","volume":"21","author":"LK Sheridan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sheridan LK et al (2006) Normative Symbol Digit Modalities Test performance in a community-based sample. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 21:23\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2005.07.003","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"3061_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.Supplement_1.S79","volume":"18","author":"JD Fisk","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fisk JD et al (1994) Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: Initial validation of the fatigue impact scale. Clin Infect Dis 18:79\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinids\/18.Supplement_1.S79","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"3061_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.01.073","volume":"15","author":"K Armutlu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Armutlu K et al (2007) Psychometric study of Turkish version of Fatigue Impact Scale in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 15:64\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2007.01.073","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3061_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3275\/7800","volume":"24","author":"M Nucci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nucci M et al (2012) Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq): a new instrument for measuring cognitive reserve. Aging Clin Exp Res 24:218\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3275\/7800","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3061_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102817","volume":"50","author":"S Ozakbas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ozakbas S et al (2021) Validity and reliability of Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire for the Turkish Population. Mult SclerRelatDisord 50:102817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102817","journal-title":"Mult SclerRelatDisord"},{"key":"3061_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0000000000000507","volume":"52","author":"\u00d6 Erbay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erbay \u00d6 et al (2020) Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Version of Multiple Sclerosis Self-Management Scale. J Neurosci Nurs 52:122\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JNN.0000000000000507","journal-title":"J Neurosci Nurs"},{"key":"3061_CR39","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kline RB (2016) Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 4th edn. The Guilford Press, New York","edition":"4"},{"key":"3061_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen J et al (2024) Self-management theories, models and frameworks in patients with chronic heart failure: A scoping review. Nurs Open 11(e2066). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nop2.2066","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.2066"},{"key":"3061_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","volume":"6","author":"S Michie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Michie S et al (2011) The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterizing anddesigningbehaviour change interventions. Implement Sci 6:42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"3061_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6388","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12524-9","volume":"271","author":"J DeLuca","year":"2024","unstructured":"DeLuca J (2024) Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: can we measure it and can we treat it? J Neurol 271:6388\u20136392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-024-12524-9","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"3061_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105908","volume":"91","author":"HLT Vo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vo HLT et al (2024) Cognitive behavioural therapy for fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult SclerRelatDisord 91:105908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105908","journal-title":"Mult SclerRelatDisord"},{"key":"3061_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16452","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16452","volume":"31","author":"MJ Wendebourg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wendebourg MJ et al (2024) Education for fatigue management in people with multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol 31:e16452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.16452","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"3061_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2024-012","volume":"26","author":"SC Silverman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silverman SC et al (2024) Multiple Sclerosis Fatigue Self-Management: Strategies and Influencing Factors 5 Years After a Multimodal Intervention. Int J MS Care 26:363\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7224\/1537-2073.2024-012","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"key":"3061_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-025-00759-1","volume":"18","author":"T Namsrai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Namsrai T et al (2025) Measuring Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Rapid Review. Patient 18:623\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40271-025-00759-1","journal-title":"Patient"},{"key":"3061_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JCN.0000305091.35259.85","volume":"23","author":"B Riegel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Riegel B, Dickson VV (2008) A situation-specific theory of heart failure self-care. J Cardiovasc Nurs 23:190\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.JCN.0000305091.35259.85","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"3061_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000244","volume":"31","author":"B Riegel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riegel B et al (2016) The Situation-Specific Theory of Heart Failure Self-Care: Revised and Updated. J Cardiovasc Nurs 31:226\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000244","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"3061_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000919","volume":"37","author":"B Riegel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riegel B et al (2022) The Situation-Specific Theory of Heart Failure Self-care: An Update on the Problem, Person, and Environmental Factors Influencing Heart Failure Self-care. J Cardiovasc Nurs 37:515\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000919","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"key":"3061_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2008.10.004","volume":"57","author":"P Ryan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ryan P, Sawin KJ (2009) The Individual and Family Self-Management Theory: background and perspectives on context, process, and outcomes. Nurs Outlook 57:217\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.outlook.2008.10.004","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"key":"3061_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241302167","volume":"31","author":"G Maggi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maggi G et al (2025) Cognitive reserve predicts long-term cognitive trajectories in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 31:107\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585241302167","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"3061_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03000-z","volume":"37","author":"S Montemurro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Montemurro S et al (2025) Cognitive reserve can impact trajectories in ageing: a longitudinal study. Aging Clin Exp Res 37:93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-025-03000-z","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"}],"container-title":["Acta Neurologica Belgica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13760-026-03061-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13760-026-03061-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13760-026-03061-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T13:38:22Z","timestamp":1786455502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s13760-026-03061-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13760-026-03061-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9009","2240-2993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9009","type":"print"},{"value":"2240-2993","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During manuscript preparation, generative AI tools were used only for language editing and clarity, and the authors take full responsibility for the content.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the manuscript preparation process","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}