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However, the influence of DDM geometry on its osteogenic performance and carrier efficiency remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the geometry-dependent osteogenic efficacy of DDM and its role as an rhBMP-2 delivery system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>METHODS<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DDM was prepared in particulate (300\u2013800\u00a0\u00b5m) and block forms (root segments with drilled pores) and compared with an absorbable collagen sponge in a subcutaneous implantation model using nude mice. Each carrier was evaluated with no rhBMP-2 or with low-dose (1\u00a0\u00b5g) or high-dose (2\u00a0\u00b5g) rhBMP-2 at 2 and 4\u00a0weeks. New bone formation was assessed using micro-computed tomography and histological\/histomorphometric analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>RESULTS<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both forms of DDM demonstrated intrinsic osteoinductive capacity, inducing ectopic bone formation without exogenous rhBMP-2, whereas collagen alone showed negligible bone formation. Particulate DDM exhibited greater bone formation than block DDM, with the difference reaching statistical significance by 4\u00a0weeks. The addition of rhBMP-2 enhanced early bone formation, particularly at 2\u00a0weeks; however, by 4\u00a0weeks, DDM alone achieved comparable outcomes. Notably, particulate DDM with low-dose rhBMP-2 produced bone formation comparable to or greater than that achieved with high-dose rhBMP-2 in collagen carriers. Histological findings confirmed that DDM provided sustained osteogenesis with direct bone formation on the scaffold surface, while collagen carriers exhibited peripheral bone formation due to rapid rhBMP-2 release.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic>CONCLUSION<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                      :\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DDM is an effective osteoinductive scaffold and a superior carrier for rhBMP-2 compared to collagen. Its osteogenic performance is geometry-dependent, with particulate DDM demonstrating enhanced bone regeneration. Importantly, DDM enables effective bone formation with reduced rhBMP-2 dosage, suggesting a safer and more efficient strategy for bone regeneration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-026-00836-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:56:50Z","timestamp":1790765810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Geometry-Dependent Osteogenic Performance of Demineralized Dentin Matrix as a Carrier for rhBMP-2"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Jin-Won","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In-Woong","family":"Um","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeong Kon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6097-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pil-Young","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1192-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Kui","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"836_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16114117","volume":"16","author":"MP Ferraz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferraz MP. 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They assisted in the preparation of the manuscript by contributing data from previous studies and methods of DDM\/rhBMP-2 manufacturing, considering their patent. They declare that they received no funding or influence on the interpretation of the research results from their affiliated company. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH). The study protocol was reviewed and approved under approval number BA-2411-403-005-05. All procedures involving animals were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA) and complied with institutional regulations for animal welfare. Appropriate anesthesia and postoperative care were provided to minimize animal suffering throughout the experimental period.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}