{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:57:25Z","timestamp":1781326645456,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,9]],"date-time":"2008-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-008-8165-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,9]],"date-time":"2008-12-09T08:26:12Z","timestamp":1228811172000},"page":"216-221","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Clustering and Risk Factors of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Two Italian Long-Term Care Facilities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Brugnaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Fedeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Pellizzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Buonfrate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Rassu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Boldrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. G.","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Grossato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Pal\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Spolaore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"8165_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1086\/502213","volume":"24","author":"C.A. Muto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Muto CA, Jernigan JA, Ostrowsky BE, Richet HM, Jarvis WR, Boyce JM, Farr BM: SHEA: SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24: 362\u2013386.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"8165_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.060397","volume":"12","author":"L. LeBlanc","year":"2006","unstructured":"LeBlanc L, P\u00e9pin J, Toulouse K, Ouellette MF, Coulombe MA, Corriveau MP, Alary ME: Fluoroquinolones and risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12: 1398\u20131405.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"8165_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1086\/502525","volume":"26","author":"P. Vovko","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vovko P, Retelj M, Cretnik TZ, Jutersek B, Harlander T, Kolman J, Gubina M: Risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a long-term-care facility in Slovenia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26: 191\u2013195.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"8165_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268896007182","volume":"118","author":"A.P. Fraise","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fraise AP, Mitchell K, O\u2019Brien SJ, Oldfield K, Wise R: Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nursing homes in a major UK city: an anonymized point prevalence survey. Epidemiol Infect 1997; 118: 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"8165_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.1999.0633","volume":"43","author":"R.A. Cox","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cox RA, Bowie PES: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in nursing home residents: a prevalence study in Northamptonshire. J Hosp Infect 1999; 43: 115\u2013122.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"8165_CR6","unstructured":"Pan A, Ceruti T, Carosi G: Prevalenza di colonizzazione nasale da MRSA in una struttura mista residenziale\/riabilitativa. In: 5th Natl Congr SIMIT, Catania, Italy, 11\u201314 Oct 2006."},{"key":"8165_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(91)90154-5","volume":"19","author":"A. McGeer","year":"1991","unstructured":"McGeer A, Campbell B, Emori TG, Hierholzer WJ, Jackson MM, Nicolle LE, Peppler C, Rivera A, Schollenberger DG, Simor AE, Smith PW, Wang E: Definitions of infection for surveillance in long-term care facilities. Am J Infect Control 1991; 19: 1\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"8165_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki052","volume":"55","author":"C.J. Fernandes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fernandes CJ, Fernandes LA, Collignon P: Cefoxitin resistance as a surrogate marker for the detection of methicilli-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55: 506\u2013510.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"8165_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5113","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5113-5120.2003","volume":"41","author":"L.K. McDougal","year":"2003","unstructured":"McDougal LK, Steward CD, Killgore GE, Chaitram JM, McAllister SK, Tenover FC: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 5113\u20135120.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"8165_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.9.2233-2239.1995","volume":"33","author":"F.C. Tenover","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE, Persing DH, Swaminathan B: Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 2233\u20132239.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"8165_CR11","volume-title":"A handbook of statistical analyses using Stata","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rabe-Hesketh S, Everitt B (eds). A handbook of statistical analyses using Stata. (3rd edn). CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, 2004.","edition":"(3rd edn)"},{"key":"8165_CR12","volume-title":"Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling","year":"1990","unstructured":"Snijders TAB, Bosker RJ (eds): Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. Sage Publishers, London 1990."},{"key":"8165_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.029454","volume":"60","author":"J. Merlo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Merlo J, Chaix B, Ohlsson H, Beckman A, Johnell K, Hjerpe P, Rastam L, Larsen K: A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: using measures of clustering in multilevel logistic regression to investigate contextual phenomena. J Epidemiol Community Health 2006; 60: 290\u2013297.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"8165_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1086\/502524","volume":"26","author":"T.Z. Cretnik","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cretnik TZ, Vovko P, Retelj M, Jutersek B, Harlander T, Kolman J, Gubina M: Prevalence and nosocomial spread of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in a long-term-care facility in Slovenia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26: 184\u2013190.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"8165_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)90007-8","volume":"100","author":"P.L. Mulhausen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mulhausen PL, Harrell LJ, Weinberger M, Kochersberger GG, Feussner JR: Contrasting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in Veterans Affairs and community nursing homes. Am J Med 1996; 100: 24\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"8165_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.01.012","volume":"63","author":"S. Brusaferro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brusaferro S, Regattin R, Silvestro A, Vidotto L: Incidence of hospital-acquired infections in Italian long-term-care facilities: a prospective six-month surveillance. J Hosp Infect 2006; 63: 211\u2013215.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"8165_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-007-6200-2","volume":"35","author":"M.L. Moro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moro ML, Mongardi M, Marchi M, Taroni F: Prevalence of longterm care acquired infections in nursing and residential homes in the emilia-romagna region. Infection 2007; 35: 250\u2013255.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"8165_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1086\/516795","volume":"28","author":"B. Barr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barr B, Wilcox MH, Brady A, Parnell P, Darby B, Tompkins D: Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization among older residents of care homes in the United Kingdom. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28: 853\u2013859.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"8165_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1086\/502098","volume":"23","author":"H. Baum von","year":"2002","unstructured":"von Baum H, Schmidt C, Svoboda D, Bock-Hensley O, Wendt C: Risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in residents of German nursing homes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23: 511\u2013515.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"8165_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2000.0759","volume":"45","author":"N.P. O\u2019sullivan","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019sullivan NP, Keane CT: Risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among nursing home residents. J Hosp Infect 2000; 45: 206\u2013210.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"8165_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1086\/500629","volume":"27","author":"U. Raab","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raab U, Kahlau D, Wagenlehner F, Reischl U, Ehrenstein V, Lehn N, Holler C, Linde HJ (2006) Prevalence of and risk factors for carriage of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus among residents and staff of a German nursing home. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27:208\u2013211.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"8165_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1086\/586751","volume":"46","author":"L. Mody","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mody L, Kauffman CA, Donabedian S, Zervos M, Bradley SF: Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in nursing home residents. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 1368\u20131373.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"8165_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl343","volume":"58","author":"A. Muller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Muller A, Mauny F, Talon D, Donnan PT, Harbarth S, Bertrand X: Effect of individual- and group-level antibiotic exposure on MRSA isolation: a multilevel analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58: 878\u2013881.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"8165_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afn021","volume":"37","author":"M. Eveillard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eveillard M, Charru P, Rufat P, Hippeaux MC, Lancien E, Benselama F, Branger C: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in a long-term care facility: hypothesis about selection and transmission. Age Ageing 2008; 37: 294\u2013299.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"8165_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(00)90806-5","volume":"46","author":"L. Scudeller","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scudeller L, Leoncini O, Boni S, Navarra A, Rezzani A, Verdirosi S, Maserati R: MRSA carriage: the relationship between community and healthcare setting. A study in an Italian hospital. J Hosp Infect 2000; 46: 222\u2013229.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"8165_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2000.0758","volume":"45","author":"N.P. O\u2019sullivan","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019sullivan NP, Keane CT: The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among the residents of six nursing homes for the elderly. J Hosp Infect 2000; 45: 322\u2013329.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"8165_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1086\/425288","volume":"191","author":"A.V. Diez Roux","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diez Roux AV, Aiello AE: Multilevel analysis of infectious diseases. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: S25\u2013S33.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"8165_CR28","unstructured":"Snyder GM: Acquisition of MRSA and VRE by healthcare workers on infection control protective clothing (Poster K 463). In: 47th ICAAC, Chicago, IL, 17\u201320 Sept 2007."},{"key":"8165_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S269","DOI":"10.1086\/430788","volume":"41","author":"J.T. Weber","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weber JT: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: S269\u2013S272.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"8165_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.1.196-203.2003","volume":"47","author":"P.D. Fey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fey PD, Sa\u00efd-Salim B, Rupp ME, Hinrichs SH, Boxrud DJ, Davis CC, Kreiswirth BN, Schlievert PM: Comparative molecular analysis of community- or hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 196\u2013203.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"8165_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2637-2651.2004","volume":"48","author":"T. Ito","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ito T, Ma XX, Takeuchi F, Okurna K, Yuzawa H, Hiramatsu K: Novel type V staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec driven by a novel cassette chromosome recombinase, ccrC. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 2637\u20132651.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"8165_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.4.1147-1152.2002","volume":"46","author":"X.X. Ma","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ma XX, Ito T, Tiensasitorn C, Jamklang M, Chongtrakool P, Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS, Hiramatsu K: Novel type of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec identified in communityacquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 1147\u20131152.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"8165_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.8.3806-3815.2003","volume":"41","author":"M. Aires de Sousa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aires de Sousa M, De Lencastre H: Evolution of sporadic isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals and their similarities to isolates of community-acquired MRSA. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 3806\u20133815.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"8165_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1086\/499815","volume":"42","author":"U. Seybold","year":"2006","unstructured":"Seybold U, Kourbatova EV, Johnson JG, Halvosa SJ, Wang YF, King MD, Ray SM, Blumberg HM: Emergence of communityassociated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 genotype as a major cause of health care-associated bloodstream infection. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 647\u2013656.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"8165_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1086\/502514","volume":"26","author":"J.C. Lucet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lucet JC, Grenet K, Armand-Lefevre L, Harnal M, Bouvet E, Regnier B, Andremont A: High prevalence of carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at hospital admission in elderly patients: implications for infection control strategies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26: 117\u2013120.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"8165_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.061561","volume":"13","author":"V. Schneider-Lindner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schneider-Lindner V, Delaney JA, Dial S, Dascal A, Suissa S: Antimicrobial drugs and community-acquired methicillin-resistat Staphylococcus aureus, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13: 994\u2013999.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-008-8165-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-008-8165-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-008-8165-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T14:43:55Z","timestamp":1589381035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s15010-008-8165-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,9]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["8165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-008-8165-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,9]]}}}