{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T03:41:47Z","timestamp":1790912507345,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,23]],"date-time":"2009-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237766400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-009-8450-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,23]],"date-time":"2009-03-23T14:33:27Z","timestamp":1237818807000},"page":"87-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Lazy, Dynamic or Minimally Recrudescent? On the Elusive Nature and Location of the Mycobacterium Responsible for Latent Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4Pt2","key":"8450_CR1","first-page":"S221","volume":"161","author":"Anonymous","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anonymous. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161(4 Pt 2):S221\u2013S247.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8450_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200509-1516PP","volume":"174","author":"L. Richeldi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Richeldi L: An update on the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:736\u2013742.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8450_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2471","volume":"131","author":"A. Lalvani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lalvani A: Diagnosing tuberculosis infection in the 21st century: new tools to tackle an old enemy. Chest 2007; 131:1898\u20131906.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"8450_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4195-4201.2001","volume":"69","author":"J.L. Flynn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Flynn JL, Chan J: Tuberculosis: latency and reactivation. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4195\u20134201.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"8450_CR5","first-page":"139","volume":"56","author":"T. Gedde-Dahl","year":"1952","unstructured":"Gedde-Dahl T: Tuberculous infection in the light of tuberculin matriculation. Am J Hyg 1952; 56:139\u2013214.","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"8450_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1688","volume":"5","author":"S.H. Kaufmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaufmann SH: The contribution of immunology to the rational design of novel antibacterial vaccines. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007; 5:491\u2013504.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"8450_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/35095558","volume":"1","author":"S.H. Kaufmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaufmann SH: How can immunology contribute to the control of tuberculosis? Nat Rev Immunol 2001; 1:20\u201330.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"8450_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1065","volume":"3","author":"H.I. Boshoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boshoff HI, Barry CE III: Tuberculosis\u2013metabolism and respiration in the absence of growth. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005; 3:70\u201380.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"8450_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.139","volume":"55","author":"L.G. Wayne","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wayne LG, Sohaskey CD: Nonreplicating persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Annu Rev Microbiol 2001; 55:139\u2013163.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"8450_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.091033","volume":"57","author":"C.L. Cosma","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cosma CL, Sherman DR, Ramakrishnan L: The secret lives of the pathogenic mycobacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 2003; 57:641\u2013676.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"8450_CR11","first-page":"705","volume-title":"Topley & Wilson\u2019s microbiology and microbial infections: immunology","author":"S. Ehlers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ehlers S, H\u00f6lscher C: DTH-associated pathology. In: Kaufmann SH, Steward MW (eds). Topley & Wilson\u2019s microbiology and microbial infections: immunology. 10th ed Hodder Arnold, London 2005, pp 705\u2013729.","edition":"10th ed"},{"key":"8450_CR12","series-title":"Handbook of tuberculosis","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Immunology and cell biology","author":"W.A. Hanekom","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hanekom WA, Ernst JD: Maintenance of latent infection, with correlates of protective immunity. In: Kaufmann SH, Britton WJ (eds): Immunology and cell biology. Handbook of tuberculosis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2008, pp 279\u2013304."},{"key":"8450_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1086\/378240","volume":"188","author":"T. Lillebaek","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lillebaek T, Dirksen A, Vynnycky E, Baess I, Thomsen VO, Andersen AB: Stability of DNA patterns and evidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reactivation occurring decades after the initial infection. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:1032\u20131039.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"8450_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1086\/338342","volume":"185","author":"T. Lillebaek","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lillebaek T, Dirksen A, Baess I, Strunge B, Thomsen VO, Andersen AB: Molecular evidence of endogenous reactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 33 years of latent infection. J Infect Dis 2002; 185:401\u2013404.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"8450_CR15","first-page":"417","volume":"2","author":"C. Wang","year":"1917","unstructured":"Wang C: An experimental study of latent tuberculosis. Lancet 1917; 2:417\u2013419.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8450_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"E.A.J. Opie","year":"1927","unstructured":"Opie EAJ: Tubercle bacilli in latent tuberculous lesions and in lung tissue without tuberculous lesions. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1927; 4:1\u201321.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"8450_CR17","first-page":"473","volume":"14","author":"W.H. Feldman","year":"1938","unstructured":"Feldman WH, Baggenstoss A: The residual infectivity of the primary complex of tuberculosis. Am J Pathol 1938; 14:473\u2013490.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"8450_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03493-0","volume":"356","author":"R. Hernandez-Pando","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hernandez-Pando R, Jeyanathan M, Mengistu G, et al. Persistence of DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in superficially normal lung tissue during latent infection. Lancet 2000; 356:2133\u20132138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8450_CR19","first-page":"711","volume":"9","author":"H. Robertson","year":"1933","unstructured":"Robertson H: The persistence of tuberculous infections. Am J Pathol 1933; 9:711\u2013719.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"8450_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/35084083","volume":"412","author":"K. Pethe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pethe K, Alonso S, Biet F, et al. The heparin-binding haemagglutinin of M. tuberculosis is required for extrapulmonary dissemination. Nature 2001; 412:190\u2013194.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8450_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.7.11.1665","volume":"7","author":"C. Locht","year":"2007","unstructured":"Locht C, Rouanet C, Hougardy JM, Mascart F: How a different look at latency can help to develop novel diagnostics and vaccines against tuberculosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1665\u20131677.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"8450_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2004.02.003","volume":"84","author":"M.I. Voskuil","year":"2004","unstructured":"Voskuil MI, Visconti KC, Schoolnik GK: Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene expression during adaptation to stationary phase and low-oxygen dormancy. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2004; 84:218\u2013227.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"8450_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03474.x","volume":"48","author":"H.D. Park","year":"2003","unstructured":"Park HD, Guinn KM, Harrell MI, et al. Rv3133c\/dosR is a transcription factor that mediates the hypoxic response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 2003; 48:833\u2013843.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"8450_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030205","volume":"198","author":"M.I. Voskuil","year":"2003","unstructured":"Voskuil MI, Schnappinger D, Visconti KC, et al. Inhibition of respiration by nitric oxide induces a Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy program. J Exp Med 2003; 198:705\u2013713.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"8450_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2003.12.006","volume":"84","author":"D.G. Muttucumaru","year":"2004","unstructured":"Muttucumaru DG, Roberts G, Hinds J, Stabler RA, Parish T: Gene expression profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a non-replicating state. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2004; 84:239\u2013246.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"8450_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00307.x","volume":"5","author":"H. Ohno","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ohno H, Zhu G, Mohan VP, et al. The effects of reactive nitrogen intermediates on gene expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Microbiol 2003; 5:637\u2013648.","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"8450_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02779.x","volume":"43","author":"J.C. Betts","year":"2002","unstructured":"Betts JC, Lukey PT, Robb LC, McAdam RA, Duncan K: Evaluation of a nutrient starvation model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence by gene and protein expression profiling. Mol Microbiol 2002; 43:717\u2013731.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"8450_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4265","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00011-07","volume":"189","author":"A.M. Talaat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Talaat AM, Ward SK, Wu CW, et al. Mycobacterial bacilli are metabolically active during chronic tuberculosis in murine lungs: insights from genome-wide transcriptional profiling. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:4265\u20134274.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"8450_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14321","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2436197100","volume":"100","author":"J. Timm","year":"2003","unstructured":"Timm J, Post FA, Bekker LG, et al. Differential expression of iron-, carbon-, and oxygen-responsive mycobacterial genes in the lungs of chronically infected mice and tuberculosis patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:14321\u201314326.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"8450_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050075","volume":"5","author":"N.J. Garton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garton NJ, Waddell SJ, Sherratt AL, et al. Cytological and transcript analyses reveal fat and lazy persister-like bacilli in tuberculous sputum. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e75.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"8450_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.2.861-868.2006","volume":"74","author":"Y. Hu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hu Y, Movahedzadeh F, Stoker NG, Coates AR: Deletion of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis alpha-crystallin-like hspX gene causes increased bacterial growth in vivo. Infect Immun 2006; 74:861\u2013868.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"8450_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27335","volume":"116","author":"V. Rao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rao V, Gao F, Chen B, Jacobs WR Jr, Glickman MS: Trans-cyclopropanation of mycolic acids on trehalose dimycolate suppresses Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced inflammation and virulence. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1660\u20131667.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"8450_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/35021074","volume":"406","author":"J.D. McKinney","year":"2000","unstructured":"McKinney JD, Honerzu BK, Munoz-Elias EJ, et al. Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages and mice requires the glyoxylate shunt enzyme isocitrate lyase. Nature 2000; 406:735\u2013738.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8450_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01515-07","volume":"76","author":"L.E. Via","year":"2008","unstructured":"Via LE, Lin PL, Ray SM, et al. Tuberculous granulomas are hypoxic in guinea pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman primates. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2333\u20132340.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"8450_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2055","volume":"210","author":"S. Aly","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aly S, Wagner K, Keller C, et al. Oxygen status of lung granulomas in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice. J Pathol 2006; 210:298\u2013305.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"8450_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.9.2054","volume":"38","author":"L.G. Wayne","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wayne LG, Sramek HA: Metronidazole is bactericidal to dormant cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:2054\u20132058.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"8450_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00276-07","volume":"51","author":"A.J. Lenaerts","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lenaerts AJ, Hoff D, Aly S, et al. Location of persisting mycobacteria in a Guinea pig model of tuberculosis revealed by r207910. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3338\u20133345.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"8450_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00196-08","volume":"52","author":"D.R. Hoff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoff DR, Caraway ML, Brooks EJ, et al. Metronidazole lacks antibacterial activity in Guinea pigs infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:4137\u20134140.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"8450_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6723","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00279-07","volume":"189","author":"N. Juul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Juul N, Jensen H, Hvid M, Christiansen G, Birkelund S: Characterization of in vitro chlamydial cultures in low-oxygen atmospheres. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:6723\u20136726.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"8450_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00006","volume":"146","author":"D. Menzies","year":"2007","unstructured":"Menzies D, Pai M, Comstock G: Meta-analysis: new tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:340\u2013354.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"8450_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.13.2.179-186.2006","volume":"13","author":"A. Demissie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Demissie A, Leyten EM, Abebe M, et al. Recognition of stagespecific mycobacterial antigens differentiates between acute and latent infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13:179\u2013186.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"8450_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000926","volume":"2","author":"J.M. Hougardy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hougardy JM, Schepers K, Place S, et al. Heparin-binding-hemagglutinin-induced IFN-gamma release as a diagnostic tool for latent tuberculosis. PLoS ONE 2007; 2:e926.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8450_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00047805","volume":"26","author":"R. Diel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diel R, Nienhaus A, Schaberg T: Cost-effectiveness of isoniazid chemoprevention in close contacts. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:465\u2013473.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"8450_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200711-1613OC","volume":"177","author":"R. Diel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Meywald-Walter K, Niemann S, Nienhaus A: Predictive value of a whole blood IFN-gamma assay for the development of active tuberculosis disease after recent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:1164\u20131170.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8450_CR45","first-page":"827","volume":"119","author":"G.W. Comstock","year":"1979","unstructured":"Comstock GW, Baum C, Snider DE Jr: Isoniazid prophylaxis among Alaskan Eskimos: a final report of the bethel isoniazid studies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119:827\u2013830.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"8450_CR46","first-page":"83","volume":"42","author":"R.J. Rees","year":"1961","unstructured":"Rees RJ, Hart PD: Analysis of the host-parasite equilibrium in chronic murine tuberculosis by total and viable bacillary counts. Br J Exp Pathol 1961; 42:83\u201388.","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"8450_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.1.546-551.2005","volume":"73","author":"E.J. Munoz-Elias","year":"2005","unstructured":"Munoz-Elias EJ, Timm J, Botha T, Chan WT, Gomez JE, McKinney JD: Replication dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in chronically infected mice. Infect Immun 2005; 73:546\u2013551.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"8450_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1550","volume":"172","author":"R.J. North","year":"1995","unstructured":"North RJ: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is strikingly more virulent for mice when given via the respiratory than via the intravenous route. J Infect Dis 1995; 172:1550\u20131553.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"8450_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2174\/187152807780077282","volume":"6","author":"P.J. Cardona","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cardona PJ: New insights on the nature of latent tuberculosis infection and its treatment. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2007; 6:27\u201339.","journal-title":"Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"8450_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7099","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.12.7099-7108.2003","volume":"71","author":"G. Kaplan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kaplan G, Post FA, Moreira AL, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth at the cavity surface: a microenvironment with failed immunity. Infect Immun 2003; 71:7099\u20137108.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"8450_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1628","volume":"204","author":"T. Ulrichs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ulrichs T, Kosmiadi GA, Trusov V, et al. Human tuberculous granulomas induce peripheral lymphoid follicle-like structures to orchestrate local host defence in the lung. J Pathol 2004; 204:217\u2013228.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"8450_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1906","volume":"208","author":"T. Ulrichs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ulrichs T, Kaufmann SH: New insights into the function of granulomas in human tuberculosis. J Pathol 2006; 208:261\u2013269.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"8450_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.12.010","volume":"28","author":"J.G. Egen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Egen JG, Rothfuchs AG, Feng CG, Winter N, Sher A, Germain RN: Macrophage and T cell dynamics during the development and disintegration of mycobacterial granulomas. Immunity 2008; 28:271\u2013284.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"8450_CR54","first-page":"35","volume":"74","author":"S. Ehlers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ehlers S: Why does tumor necrosis factor targeted therapy reactivate tuberculosis? J Rheumatol Suppl 2005; 74:35\u201339.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol Suppl"},{"key":"8450_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4852","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.4852","volume":"174","author":"B.M. Saunders","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saunders BM, Tran S, Ruuls S, Sedgwick JD, Briscoe H, Britton WJ: Transmembrane TNF is sufficient to initiate cell migration and granuloma formation and provide acute, but not long-term, control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Immunol 2005; 174:4852\u20134859.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"8450_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100027","volume":"85","author":"B.M. Saunders","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saunders BM, Britton WJ: Life and death in the granuloma: immunopathology of tuberculosis. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:103\u2013111.","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"8450_CR57","first-page":"373","volume-title":"Tuberculosis","author":"S.M. Garay","year":"1996","unstructured":"Garay SM: Pulmonary tuberculosis. In: Rom WN GS (eds) Tuberculosis. Little, Brown and Company, London 1996, pp 373\u2013412."},{"key":"8450_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104635","volume":"22","author":"R.J. North","year":"2004","unstructured":"North RJ, Jung YJ: Immunity to tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2004; 22:599\u2013623.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"8450_CR59","unstructured":"Pagel W, Simonds F, MacDonald N, Nassau E (eds): The morbid anatomy and histology of tuberculosis, an introduction in simple terms. In: Pulmonary tuberculosis: bacteriology, pathology, management, eidemiology and prevention. Oxford University Press, London 1964, pp 36\u201363."},{"key":"8450_CR60","first-page":"97","volume-title":"The fundamentals of pulmonary tuberculosis and its complications for students, teachers and practicing physicians","author":"E.R. Levine","year":"1949","unstructured":"Levine ER: Classification of reinfection pulmonary tuberculosis. In: Hayes E (ed): The fundamentals of pulmonary tuberculosis and its complications for students, teachers and practicing physicians. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield 1949, pp 97\u2013113."},{"key":"8450_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03184.x","volume":"46","author":"G.V. Mukamolova","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mukamolova GV, Turapov OA, Young DI, Kaprelyants AS, Kell DB, Young M: A family of autocrine growth factors in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 2002; 46:623\u2013635.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"8450_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.06078.x","volume":"67","author":"B.D. Kana","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kana BD, Gordhan BG, Downing KJ et al: The resuscitationpromoting factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are required for virulence and resuscitation from dormancy but are collectively dispensable for growth in vitro. Mol Microbiol 2008; 67:672\u2013684.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"8450_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5243","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.10.5243","volume":"94","author":"J.D. MacMicking","year":"1997","unstructured":"MacMicking JD, North RJ, LaCourse R, Mudgett JS, Shah SK, Nathan CF: Identification of nitric oxide synthase as a protective locus against tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:5243\u20135248.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"8450_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6343","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.11.6343","volume":"169","author":"J. Turner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Turner J, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Ellis DL, et al. In vivo IL-10 production reactivates chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in C57BL\/6 mice. J Immunol 2002; 169:6343\u20136351.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"8450_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1847-1855.2001","volume":"69","author":"V.P. Mohan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mohan VP, Scanga CA, Yu K, et al. Effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha on host immune response in chronic persistent tuberculosis: possible role for limiting pathology. Infect Immun 2001; 69:1847\u20131855.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"8450_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00072604","volume":"24","author":"P.J. Cardona","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cardona PJ, Ruiz-Manzano J: On the nature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-latent bacilli. Eur Respir J 2004; 24:1044\u20131051.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"8450_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/4.3.277","volume":"4","author":"T. Pietrantonio Di","year":"2005","unstructured":"Di Pietrantonio T, Schurr E: Mouse models for the genetic study of tuberculosis susceptibility. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 2005; 4:277\u2013292.","journal-title":"Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic"},{"key":"8450_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2008.68","volume":"10","author":"J. Sissons","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sissons J, Yan BS, Pichugin AV, Kirby A, Daly MJ, Kramnik I. Multigenic control of tuberculosis resistance: analysis of a QTL on mouse chromosome 7 and its synergism with sst1. Genes Immunol 2009; 10:37\u201346.","journal-title":"Genes Immunol"},{"key":"8450_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aly S, Mages J, Reiling N et al: Mycobacteria-induced granuloma necrosis depends on IRF-1. J Cell Mol Med 2008.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00470.x"},{"key":"8450_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324253","volume":"34","author":"R. Hernandez-Pando","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hernandez-Pando R, Aguilar D, Hernandez ML, Orozco H, Rook G: Pulmonary tuberculosis in BALB\/c mice with non-functional IL-4 genes: changes in the inflammatory effects of TNF-alpha and in the regulation of fibrosis. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:174\u2013183.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"8450_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03419","volume":"434","author":"H. Pan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pan H, Yan BS, Rojas M, et al. Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis. Nature 2005; 434:767\u2013772.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8450_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn352","volume":"18","author":"T. Thye","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thye T, Nejentsev S, Intemann CD, et al. MCP-1 promoter variant -362C associated with protection from pulmonary tuberculosis in Ghana, West Africa. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:381\u2013388.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"8450_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1086\/591501","volume":"198","author":"O. Schreiber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schreiber O, Steinwede K, Ding N, et al. Mice that overexpress CC chemokine ligand 2 in their lungs show increased protective immunity to infection with Mycobacterium bovis BacilleCalmette-Guerin. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:1044\u20131054.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"8450_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2005.037960","volume":"43","author":"T. Thye","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thye T, Browne EN, Chinbuah MA, et al. No associations of human pulmonary tuberculosis with Sp110 variants. J Med Genet 2006; 43:e32.","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"8450_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80445-6","volume":"191","author":"V. Balasubramanian","year":"1994","unstructured":"Balasubramanian V, Wiegeshaus EH, Smith DW: Mycobacterial infection in Guinea pigs. Immunobiology 1994; 191:395\u2013401.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"8450_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(94)90002-7","volume":"75","author":"V. Balasubramanian","year":"1994","unstructured":"Balasubramanian V, Wiegeshaus EH, Taylor BT, Smith DW: Pathogenesis of tuberculosis: pathway to apical localization. Tuber Lung Dis 1994; 75:168\u2013178.","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis"},{"key":"8450_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.32.2.85-102.1968","volume":"32","author":"A.M. Dannenberg Jr","year":"1968","unstructured":"Dannenberg AM Jr: Cellular hypersensitivity and cellular immunity in the pathogensis of tuberculosis: specificity, systemic and local nature, and associated macrophage enzymes. Bacteriol Rev 1968; 32:85\u2013102.","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev"},{"key":"8450_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4531-4538.1999","volume":"67","author":"C.A. Scanga","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scanga CA, Mohan VP, Joseph H, Yu K, Chan J, Flynn JL: Reactivation of latent tuberculosis: variations on the Cornell murine model. Infect Immun 1999; 67:4531\u20134538.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"8450_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2006.11.003","volume":"87","author":"R.L. Hunter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hunter RL, Jagannath C, Actor JK: Pathology of postprimary tuberculosis in humans and mice: contradiction of long-held beliefs. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 87:267\u2013278.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"8450_CR80","first-page":"371","volume":"36","author":"R.L. Hunter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hunter RL, Olsen MR, Jagannath C, Actor JK: Multiple roles of cord factor in the pathogenesis of primary, secondary, and cavitary tuberculosis, including a revised description of the pathology of secondary disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2006; 36:371\u2013386.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"8450_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050848","volume":"168","author":"R.L. Hunter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hunter RL, Olsen M, Jagannath C, Actor JK: Trehalose 6, 6\u2032-dimycolate and lipid in the pathogenesis of caseating granulomas of tuberculosis in mice. Am J Pathol 2006; 168:1249\u20131261.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"8450_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540310017032","volume":"35","author":"F. Traunmuller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Traunmuller F, Zeitlinger MA, Stoiser B, et al. Circulating tuberculostearic acid in tuberculosis patients. Scand J Infect Dis 2003; 35:790\u2013793.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"8450_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07219","volume":"454","author":"S. Raghavan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Raghavan S, Manzanillo P, Chan K, Dovey C, Cox JS: Secreted transcription factor controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence. Nature 2008; 454:717\u2013721.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"8450_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-9792(08)70034-9","volume":"88","author":"C. Nathan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nathan C, Gold B, Lin G et al.: A philosophy of anti-infectives as a guide in the search for new drugs for tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008; 88(Suppl 1):S25\u2013S33.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"8450_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.02.003","volume":"3","author":"R. Bryk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bryk R, Gold B, Venugopal A, et al. Selective killing of nonreplicating mycobacteria. Cell Host Microbe 2008; 3:137\u2013145.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"8450_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2006.11.008","volume":"15","author":"P. Andersen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andersen P: Vaccine strategies against latent tuberculosis infection. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:7\u201313.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"8450_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00083707","volume":"31","author":"A. Strassburg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Strassburg A, Jafari C, Ernst M, Lotz W, Lange C: Rapid diagnosis of pulmonary TB by BAL enzyme-linked immunospot assay in an immunocompromised host. Eur Respir J 2008; 31:1132\u20131135.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-009-8450-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-009-8450-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-009-8450-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,17]],"date-time":"2020-05-17T01:04:13Z","timestamp":1589677453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s15010-009-8450-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,23]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["8450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-009-8450-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,23]]}}}