{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:06:27Z","timestamp":1793138787828,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005722","name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>During COVID-19-related public health non-pharmaceutical prevention measures, such as social distancing, lockdown periods and use of face masks, a decrease in viral respiratory and gastroenterological infections was observed worldwide. Following discontinuation of preventative measures, a potential increase of respective infections outside of their usual seasons was a matter of concern.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We aimed to illustrate annual distribution of confirmed viral infections between 2017 and 2021 based on 32,506 clinical samples in a German pediatric tertiary care center and to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of these infections in children.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>While a decrease in overall viral infections was observed during the first and second lockdown period, an extraordinary increase in the number of viral respiratory infections, predominantly caused by human Rhino-\/Enterovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), was observed after relaxation of preventive measures. Notably, Rhino-\/Enterovirus infections increased 4-fold (2020 vs. 2019) and 16-fold (2021 vs. 2019). The occurrence of RSV was observed beginning from June to August 2021 and reached an all-time record with a 25- to 50-fold increase in numbers in September and October 2021 in relation to previous pre-pandemic years (2017\u20132019). In contrast, for non-respiratory viruses (i.e. Rota-\/Norovirus), the effect on respective seasonal patterns was only minimal compared to previous years.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The observed increase in respiratory infections in children is worrying and is already causing hospitals to become overburdened. Enhanced vigilance will be key to face clinical challenges due to these epidemiological changes in viral disease patterns in the months to come.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01756-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T09:03:02Z","timestamp":1643101382000},"page":"519-524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["The rising of old foes: impact of lockdown periods on \u201cnon-SARS-CoV-2\u201d viral respiratory and gastrointestinal infections"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8731-4218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Maison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Illi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Meyer-Buehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"von Mutius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"H\u00fcbner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"von Both","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1756_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00112-021-01278-7","author":"HI Huppertz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huppertz HI, Kopp MV, H\u00fcbner J. Pr\u00e4vention von infektionen durch das influenza- und respiratorische synzytialvirus nach aufhebung der lockdown-Ma\u00dfnahmen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00112-021-01278-7.","journal-title":"Monatsschr Kinderheilkd"},{"key":"1756_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00364-7","author":"TK Burki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burki TK. Circulation of influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2: an uncertain season ahead. Lancet Respir. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00364-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir"},{"key":"1756_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1194-5","volume":"47","author":"D Schreiner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schreiner D, Groendahl B, Puppe W, et al. High antibiotic prescription rates in hospitalized children with human metapneumovirus infection in comparison to RSV infection emphasize the value of point-of-care diagnostics. Infection. 2019;47:201\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-018-1194-5 (Epub 2018 Aug 21. PMID: 30132249; PMCID: PMC7100084).","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"1756_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.21.21260810","author":"E John-Sebastian","year":"2021","unstructured":"John-Sebastian E, Chisha S, Ruopeng X, et al. Off-season RSV epidemics in Australia after easing of COVID-19 restrictions. medRxiv. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.07.21.21260810.","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"1756_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00430-21","author":"P Hodjat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hodjat P, Christensen PA, Subedi S, et al. The reemergence of seasonal respiratory viruses in Houston, Texas, after relaxing COVID-19 restrictions. Microbiol Spectr. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/Spectrum.00430-21 (Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34494861).","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"1756_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100807","volume":"34","author":"M Haapanen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haapanen M, Renko M, Artama M, et al. The impact of the lockdown and the re-opening of schools and day cares on the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in children\u2014a nationwide register study in Finland. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;34:100807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100807 (Epub 2021 Mar 29. PMID: 33817612; PMCID: PMC8007090).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"key":"1756_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25644","author":"C Delestrain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Delestrain C, Danis K, Hau I, et al. Impact of COVID-19 social distancing on viral infection in France: a delayed outbreak of RSV. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.25644 (Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34473914).","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"1756_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01287-5","volume":"47","author":"R Amini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amini R, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus contributes to more severe respiratory morbidity than influenza in children < 2 years during seasonal influenza peaks. Infection. 2019;47:595\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-019-01287-5.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"1756_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01603-y","volume":"49","author":"P Pagliano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pagliano P, Sellitto C, Conti V, et al. Characteristics of viral pneumonia in the COVID-19 era: an update. Infection. 2021;49:607\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-021-01603-y (Epub 2021 Mar 29. 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Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2021;17:93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13223-021-00592-9.","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1756_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060595","volume":"9","author":"I Sanz-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanz-Mu\u00f1oz I, Tamames-G\u00f3mez S, Castrodeza-Sanz J, et al. Social distancing, lockdown and the wide use of mask; a magic solution or a double-edged sword for respiratory viruses epidemiology? Vaccines. 2021;9(6):595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9060595.","journal-title":"Vaccines"}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01756-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01756-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01756-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T18:11:19Z","timestamp":1648059079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01756-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01756-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"Nicole Maison, Ulrich von Both, Johannes Huebner, Ana Peck, Sabina Illi, Melanie Meyer-Buehn have no conflict of interest. Erika von Mutius received consulting fees and funding for the research project \u201cImpact of COVID 19 pandemic on patients with asthma and wheeze\u201d from OM Pharma S.A.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}