{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:20:59Z","timestamp":1789690859377,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Ulm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infects humans as a false intermediate host, primarily with intrahepatic manifestation. Incorrect diagnostic interpretation of these liver tumors, especially the hemangioma-like pattern, can lead to progressive disease. The aim of the study was to investigate the differentiation of typical hemangioma and a hemangioma-like pattern of\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This prospective clinical pilot study comprised patients with hemangioma (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200914) and patients with alveolar echinococcosis (AE)\u00a0and hemangioma-like pattern (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097). Inclusion criteria were the detection of a liver lesion according to a hemangioma-like pattern on\n                      <jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      Ulm classification\u2014ultrasound (EMUC-US) and \u201cconfirmed\u201d or \u201cprobable\u201d AE according to WHO case definition. The comparison group had hepatic hemangioma with typical B-scan sonographic morphology. All participants underwent conventional and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The patient group comprised five men (71.4%) and two women (28.6%) with a mean average age of 64.1\u2009\u00b1\u200911.2\u00a0years. The patient group with hemangioma comprised nine female subjects (64.3%) and five male subjects (35.7%) with a mean average age of 56.1\u2009\u00b1\u200912.0\u00a0years. Early arterial bulbous ring enhancement (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and iris diaphragm phenomenon could only be visualized in the patients with hemangioma (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Furthermore, the patients with hemangioma exhibited hyperenhancement in the late phase (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0003). In contrast, the patients exhibited typical early arterial rim enhancement (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and, in the portal venous and late phase, complete or incomplete non-enhancement (black hole sign;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conslusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The behavior of hemangioma-like AE lesions and typical liver hemangiomas is significantly different on CEUS. AE should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis, especially in high-endemic areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01866-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T01:02:48Z","timestamp":1656637368000},"page":"159-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Differentiation of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis with a hemangioma-like pattern compared to typical liver hemangioma using contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Jana","family":"Philipp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Schmidberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Schlingeloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Kratzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1866_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70268-5","volume":"25","author":"RW Ammann","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ammann RW, Eckert J. Cestodes. Echinococcus. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1996;25:655\u201389.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"1866_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.09.006","volume":"96","author":"P Kern","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kern P, Menezes da Silva A, Akhan O, M\u00fcllhaupt B, Vizcaychipi KA, Budke C, Vuitton DA. The Echinococcoses: diagnosis, clinical management and burden of disease. Adv Parasitol. 2017;96:259\u2013369.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"1866_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01325-2","volume":"47","author":"S Baumann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baumann S, Shi R, Liu W, Bao H, Schmidberger J, Kratzer W, Li W, interdisciplinary Echinococcosis Working Group Ulm. Worldwide literature on epidemiology of human alveolar echinococcosis: a systematic review of research published in the twenty-first century. Infection. 2019;47:703\u201327.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"1866_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.001","volume":"114","author":"E Brunetti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA, Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop. 2010;114:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"1866_CR5","first-page":"Doc01","volume":"5","author":"B Gr\u00fcner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcner B, Kern P, Mayer B, Gr\u00e4ter T, Hillenbrand A, Barth TEF, Muche R, Henne-Bruns D, Kratzer W, Kern P. Comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis: A single-center, long-term observational study of 312 patients in Germany. GMS Infect Dis. 2017;5:Doc01.","journal-title":"GMS Infect Dis"},{"key":"1866_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003964","volume":"9","author":"RW Ammann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ammann RW, Stumpe KD, Grimm F, Deplazes P, Huber S, Bertogg K, Fischer DR, M\u00fcllhaupt B. Outcome after discontinuing long-term benzimidazole treatment in 11 patients with non-resectable alveolar echinococcosis with negative FDG-PET\/CT and anti-EmII\/3-10 serology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0003964.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1866_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102356","volume":"83","author":"L Husmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Husmann L, Muehlematter UJ, Grimm F, Ledergerber B, Messerli M, Kudura K, Gruenig H, Muellhaupt B, Hasse B, Huellner MW. PET\/CT helps to determine treatment duration in patients with resected as well as inoperable alveolar echinococcosis. Parasitol Int. 2021;83:102356.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"1866_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20078","volume":"39","author":"S Reuter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reuter S, Buck A, Manfras B, Kratzer W, Seitz HM, Darge K, Reske SN, Kern P. Structured treatment interruption in patients with alveolar echinococcosis. Hepatology. 2004;39:509\u201317.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1866_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014072","volume":"21","author":"W Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu W, Delabrousse \u00c9, Blagosklonov O, Wang J, Zeng H, Jiang Y, Wang J, Qin Y, Vuitton DA, Wen H. Innovation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis imaging: best use of old tools, and necessary evaluation of new ones. Parasite. 2014;21:74.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"1866_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12392","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i43.12392","volume":"21","author":"W Kratzer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kratzer W, Gruener B, Kaltenbach TE, Ansari-Bitzenberger S, Kern P, Fuchs M, Mason RA, Barth TF, Haenle MM, Hillenbrand A, Oeztuerk S, Graeter T. Proposal of an ultrasonographic classification for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: echinococcosis multilocularis Ulm classification-ultrasound. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:12392\u2013402.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1866_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.06.010","volume":"44","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li J, Dong J, Yang L, Li X, Song T. Comparison of [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound for evaluation of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis activity. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2018;44:2199\u2013208.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"1866_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1710-3669","volume":"194","author":"T Graeter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Graeter T, Schmidberger J. Stage-oriented CT classification and intermodal evolution model in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Rofo. 2022;194:532\u201344.","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"1866_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2281020323","volume":"228","author":"Y Kodama","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kodama Y, Fujita N, Shimizu T, Endo H, Nambu T, Sato N, Todo S, Miyasaka K. Alveolar echinococcosis: MR findings in the liver. Radiology. 2003;228:172\u20137.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1866_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02924.x","volume":"16","author":"J Crouzet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crouzet J, Grenouillet F, Delabrousse E, Blagosklonov O, Thevenot T, Di Martino V, Piarroux R, Mantion GA, Bresson-Hadni S. Personalized management of patients with inoperable alveolar echinococcosis undergoing treatment with albendazole: usefulness of positron-emission-tomography combined with serological and computed tomography follow-up. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:788\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1866_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13228","volume":"24","author":"F L\u00f6tsch","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f6tsch F, Waneck F, Groger M, Auer H, Kaczirek K, Rausch I, Wadsak W, Hacker M, Lagler H, Ramharter M, Karanikas G. FDG-PET\/MRI imaging for the management of alveolar echinococcosis: initial clinical experience at a reference centre in Austria. Trop Med Int Health. 2019;24:663\u201370.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"1866_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000036","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2015-000036","volume":"2","author":"M Stojkovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stojkovic M, Mickan C, Weber TF, Junghanss T. Pitfalls in diagnosis and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis: a sentinel case series. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2015;2:e000036.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1866_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14325","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014325","volume":"98","author":"D Cai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cai D, Li Y, Jiang Y, Wang H, Wang X, Song B. The role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98:e14325.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1866_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.01.030","volume":"174","author":"DM Cai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cai DM, Wang HY, Wang XL, Jiang Y, Luo Y, Li YZ. Ultrasonographic findings of small lesion of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Acta Trop. 2017;174:165\u201370.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"1866_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.04.014","volume":"37","author":"S Tao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tao S, Qin Z, Hao W, Yongquan L, Lanhui Y, Lei Y. Usefulness of gray-scale contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (SonoVue\u00ae) in diagnosing hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2011;37:1024\u20138.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"1866_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-020-00499-8","volume":"20","author":"ZC Wa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wa ZC, Du T, Li XF, Xu HQ, Suo-Ang QC, Chen LD, Hu HT, Wang W, Lu MD. Differential diagnosis between hepatic alveolar echinococcosis and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. BMC Med Imaging. 2020;20:101.","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"key":"1866_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.07.007","volume":"38","author":"H Zeng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zeng H, Wang J, Xie W, Liu W, Wen H. Assessment of early hepatic echinococcus multilocularis infection in rats with real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2012;38:1982\u20138.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"1866_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-015-0605-7","volume":"41","author":"TE Kaltenbach","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaltenbach TE, Engler P, Kratzer W, Oeztuerk S, Seufferlein T, Haenle MM, Graeter T. Prevalence of benign focal liver lesions: ultrasound investigation of 45,319 hospital patients. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2016;41:25\u201332.","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"1866_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i21.3173","volume":"19","author":"CF Dietrich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dietrich CF, Sharma M, Gibson RN, Schreiber-Dietrich D, Jenssen C. Fortuitously discovered liver lesions. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:3173\u201388.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1866_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872015000200007","volume":"143","author":"G Horta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horta G, L\u00f3pez M, Dotte A, Cordero J, Chesta C, Castro A, Palavecino P, Poniachik J. Lesiones focales hep\u00e1ticas benignas: un hallazgo frecuente a la tomograf\u00eda computada [Benign focal liver lesions detected by computed tomography: Review of 1,184 examinations]. Rev Med Chil. 2015;143:197\u2013202.","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil"},{"key":"1866_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1094-0","volume":"46","author":"J Schmidberger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmidberger J, Kratzer W, Stark K, Gr\u00fcner B, Echinococcosis Working Group. Alveolar echinococcosis in Germany, 1992\u20132016. An update based on the newly established national AE database. Infection. 2018;46:197\u2013206.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"1866_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.030","volume":"46","author":"CF Dietrich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dietrich CF, Nols\u00f8e CP, Barr RG, Berzigotti A, Burns PN, Cantisani V, Chammas MC, Chaubal N, Choi BI, Clevert DA, Cui X, Dong Y, D\u2019Onofrio M, Fowlkes JB, Gilja OH, Huang P, Ignee A, Jenssen C, Kono Y, Kudo M, Lassau N, Lee WJ, Lee JY, Liang P, Lim A, Lyshchik A, Meloni MF, Correas JM, Minami Y, Moriyasu F, Nicolau C, Piscaglia F, Saftoiu A, Sidhu PS, Sporea I, Torzilli G, Xie X, Zheng R. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver-update 2020 WFUMB in cooperation with EFSUMB, AFSUMB, AIUM, and FLAUS. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2020;46:2579\u2013604.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"1866_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1109672","volume":"30","author":"D Strobel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strobel D, Seitz K, Blank W, Schuler A, Dietrich CF, von Herbay A, Friedrich-Rust M, Bernatik T. Tumor-specific vascularization pattern of liver metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hemangioma and focal nodular hyperplasia in the differential diagnosis of 1,349 liver lesions in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Ultraschall Med. 2009;30:376\u201382.","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"1866_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2005.11.053","volume":"55","author":"S Bresson-Hadni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bresson-Hadni S, Delabrousse E, Blagosklonov O, Bartholomot B, Koch S, Miguet JP, Mantion GA, Vuitton DA. Imaging aspects and non-surgical interventional treatment in human alveolar echinococcosis. Parasitol Int. 2006;55(Suppl):S267\u201372.","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"1866_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-014-0183-0","volume":"40","author":"A Azizi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azizi A, Blagosklonov O, Lounis A, Berthet L, Vuitton DA, Bresson-Hadni S, Delabrousse E. Alveolar echinococcosis: correlation between hepatic MRI findings and FDG-PET\/CT metabolic activity. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40:56\u201363.","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"1866_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6939","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i40.6939","volume":"27","author":"J Schuhbaur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schuhbaur J, Schweizer M, Philipp J, Schmidberger J, Schlingeloff P, Kratzer W. Long-term follow-up of liver alveolar echinococcosis using echinococcosis multilocularis ultrasound classification. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27:6939\u201350.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1866_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005801","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005801","volume":"11","author":"FJ Conraths","year":"2017","unstructured":"Conraths FJ, Probst C, Possenti A, Boufana B, Saulle R, La Torre G, Busani L, Casulli A. Potential risk factors associated with human alveolar echinococcosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005801.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1866_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1905.120867","volume":"19","author":"M Piarroux","year":"2013","unstructured":"Piarroux M, Piarroux R, Knapp J, Bardonnet K, Dumortier J, Watelet J, Gerard A, Beytout J, Abergel A, Bresson-Hadni S, Gaudart J, FrancEchino Surveillance Network. Populations at risk for alveolar echinococcosis, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:721\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1866_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.030773","volume":"10","author":"P Kern","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kern P, Ammon A, Kron M, Sinn G, Sander S, Petersen LR, Gaus W, Kern P. Risk factors for alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2088\u201393.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01866-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01866-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01866-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T03:02:33Z","timestamp":1727492553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01866-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01866-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the local ethics committee and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (ref. no. 17\/21 and 23\/20). All data were analyzed pseudo-anonymously.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Additional informed consent was obtained from all individual participants for whom identifying information is included in this article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors have read the STROBE Statement checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised accordingly.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"STROBE statement"}}]}}