{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T16:13:59Z","timestamp":1772468039049,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences Europe Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a global health emergency since December 2019, leading to millions of deaths worldwide and placing significant pressures, including economic burden, on individual patients and healthcare systems. As of February 2022, remdesivir is the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment for severe COVID-19. This systematic literature review (SLR) aimed to summarise economic evaluations, and cost and resource use (CRU) evidence related to remdesivir during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Searches of MEDLINE, Embase the International Health Technology Assessment (HTA) database, reference lists, congresses and grey literature were performed in May 2021. Articles were reviewed for relevance against pre-specified criteria by two independent reviewers and study quality was assessed using published checklists.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eight studies reported resource use and five reported costs related to remdesivir. Over time, the prescription rate of remdesivir increased and time from disease onset to remdesivir initiation decreased. Remdesivir was associated with a 6% to 21.3% decrease in bed occupancy. Cost estimates for remdesivir ranged widely, from $10 to $780 for a 10-day course. In three out of four included economic evaluations, remdesivir treatment scenarios were cost-effective, ranging from\u2009~\u20098 to\u2009~\u200923% of the willingness-to-pay threshold for the respective country.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Economic evidence relating to remdesivir should be interpreted with consideration of the broader clinical context, including patients\u2019 characteristics and the timing of its administration. Nonetheless, remdesivir remains an important option for physicians in aiming to provide optimal care and relieve pressure on healthcare systems through shifting phases of the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01930-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T17:03:08Z","timestamp":1665594188000},"page":"285-303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Remdesivir-related cost-effectiveness and cost and resource use evidence in COVID-19: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Molly","family":"Murton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Drane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Jarrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver A.","family":"Cornely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9374-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1930_CR1","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center; COVID-19 Dashboard. Available at: https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html. Accessed 15 Feb 2022"},{"key":"1930_CR2","unstructured":"CNN Health. Tracking Covid-19's global spread. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/interactive\/2020\/health\/coronavirus-maps-and-cases\/. Accessed 5 Nov 2021"},{"key":"1930_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---2-november-2021. Accessed 5 Nov 2021"},{"key":"1930_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6558","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9149","volume":"373","author":"CC Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang CC, Prather KA, Sznitman J, Jimenez JL, Lakdawala SS, Tufekci Z, et al. Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Science. 2021;373:6558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abd9149.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1930_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3862","volume":"371","author":"M Cevik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cevik M, Kuppalli K, Kindrachuk J, Peiris M. Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. BMJ. 2020;371: m3862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m3862.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"1930_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2029058-e","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29058","volume":"3","author":"N Rosenthal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosenthal N, Cao Z, Gundrum J, Sianis J, Safo S. Risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality in a US national sample of patients with COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2029058-e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29058.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1930_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Isaric Clinical Characterisation Group, Baillie JK, Baruch J, Beane A, Blumberg L, Bozza F, et al. ISARIC Clinical Data Report issued: 14 July 2021. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.07.17.20155218","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.17.20155218"},{"issue":"8","key":"1930_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07107","volume":"64","author":"AM Dexter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dexter AM, Scott JB. Airway management and ventilator-associated events. Respir Care. 2019;64(8):986\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.07107.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"1930_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01387","volume":"56","author":"DR Hess","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hess DR. Approaches to conventional mechanical ventilation of the patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care. 2011;56(10):1555\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.01387.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"1930_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1382","volume":"369","author":"E Mahase","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahase E. Covid-19: patients who are improving could have treatment withdrawn if others could benefit more. BMJ. 2020;369: m1382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1382.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"1930_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.04.018","volume":"110","author":"R Salenger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salenger R, Etchill EW, Ad N, Matthew T, Alejo D, Whitman G, et al. The surge after the surge: cardiac surgery post-COVID-19. Ann Thorac Surg. 2020;110(6):2020\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.04.018.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1930_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020160","volume":"9","author":"M Sallam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(2):160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9020160.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"1930_CR13","unstructured":"United Nations (UN) (2021) Low-income countries have received just 0.2 per cent of all COVID-19 shots given. https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/04\/1089392. Accessed 28 Oct 2021"},{"issue":"21","key":"1930_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7021e3","volume":"70","author":"M Birhane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Birhane M, Bressler S, Chang G, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reported to CDC\u2014United States, January 1-April 30, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(21):792\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7021e3.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"1930_CR15","unstructured":"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes First Oral Antiviral for Treatment of COVID-19. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-first-oral-antiviral-treatment-covid-19. Accessed 7 Jan 2022."},{"key":"1930_CR16","unstructured":"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Additional Oral Antiviral for Treatment of COVID-19 in Certain Adults. Available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-additional-oral-antiviral-treatment-covid-19-certain. Accessed 7 Jan 2022."},{"key":"1930_CR17","unstructured":"FDA Approves Veklury\u00ae (Remdesivir) for the Treatment of Non-Hospitalized Patients at High Risk for COVID-19 Disease Progression. Available at: https:\/\/www.gilead.com\/news-and-press\/press-room\/press-releases\/2022\/1\/fda-approves-veklury-remdesivir-for-the-treatment-of-nonhospitalized-patients-at-high-risk-for-covid19-disease-progression. Accessed 28 Jan 2022."},{"key":"1930_CR18","unstructured":"Veklury. https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/veklury. Accessed 3 Jan 2022"},{"issue":"19","key":"1930_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","volume":"383","author":"JH Beigel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19\u2014final report. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(19):1813\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"1930_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015301","volume":"383","author":"JD Goldman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldman JD, Lye DCB, Hui DS, Marks KM, Bruno R, Montejano R, et al. Remdesivir for 5 or 10 days in patients with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(19):1827\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2015301.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1930_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16349","volume":"324","author":"CD Spinner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spinner CD, Gottlieb RL, Criner GJ, Arribas L\u00f3pez JR, Cattelan AM, Soriano Viladomiu A, et al. Effect of Remdesivir vs standard care on clinical status at 11 days in patients with moderate COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1048\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.16349.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1930_CR22","volume-title":"Systematic Reviews: CRD's Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Health Care","author":"Centre for Reviews and Dissemination","year":"2008","unstructured":"Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Systematic Reviews: CRD\u2019s Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Health Care. York: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York; 2008."},{"key":"1930_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.04.014","volume":"123","author":"F Shokraneh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shokraneh F, Russell-Rose T. Lessons from COVID-19 to future evidence synthesis efforts: first living search strategy and out of date scientific publishing and indexing industry (submitted). J Clin Epidemiol. 2020;123:171\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.04.014.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1930_CR24","volume-title":"Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes","author":"MF Drummond","year":"2015","unstructured":"Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Claxton K, Stoddart GL, Torrance GW. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015."},{"key":"1930_CR25","unstructured":"Kmet LM, Cook LS, Lee RC. Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields. 2004."},{"key":"1930_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372: n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1930_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-020-00243-6","volume":"5","author":"MR Anderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anderson MR, Bach PB, Baldwin MR. Hospital length of stay for patients with severe COVID-19: implications for Remdesivir\u2019s value. Pharmacoecon Open. 2021;5(1):129\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41669-020-00243-6.","journal-title":"Pharmacoecon Open"},{"key":"1930_CR28","unstructured":"Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER); Alternative pricing models for Remdesivir and other potential treatments for COVID-19. November 10, 2020. https:\/\/icer-review.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ICER-COVID_Updated_Report_11102020.pdf. Accessed 28 Oct 2021"},{"key":"1930_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.04.1270","volume":"24","author":"E Mozaffari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mozaffari E, Chandak A, Liang S, Gayle J, Haubrich R, Thrun M, et al. PIN82 real-world utilization of Remdesivir in 2020: a retrospective cohort study. Value Health. 2021;24:S121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2021.04.1270.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1930_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-021-01654-5","volume":"38","author":"D Sheinson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sheinson D, Dang J, Shah A, Meng Y, Elsea D, Kowal S. A cost-effectiveness framework for COVID-19 treatments for hospitalized patients in the United States. Adv Ther. 2021;38(4):1811\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-021-01654-5.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"1930_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100041","volume":"3","author":"C Garcia-Vidal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia-Vidal C, C\u00f3zar-Llist\u00f3 A, Meira F, Due\u00f1as G, Puerta-Alcalde P, Cilloniz C, et al. Trends in mortality of hospitalised COVID-19 patients: a single centre observational cohort study from Spain. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021;3: 100041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100041.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"7","key":"1930_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-021-01804-9","volume":"38","author":"A Soriano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soriano A, Montejano R, Sanz-Moreno J, Figueira JC, Grau S, G\u00fcerri-Fern\u00e1ndez R, et al. Impact of Remdesivir on the treatment of COVID-19 during the first wave in Spain. Adv Ther. 2021;38(7):4057\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-021-01804-9.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"1930_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3786058","author":"K Bechman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bechman K. Inpatient COVID-19 mortality has reduced over time: results from an observational cohort. SSRN. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3786058.","journal-title":"SSRN"},{"key":"1930_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.24.21252355","author":"G B\u00e9raud","year":"2021","unstructured":"B\u00e9raud G, Timsit J-F, Leleu H. Remdesivir as a tool to relieve hospital care systems stressed by COVID-19: a modelling study on bed resources and budget impact. medRxiv. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.02.24.21252355.","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"issue":"11","key":"1930_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4386","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14860","volume":"87","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Cai D, Chen D, Jiang S, Si L, Wu J. Economic evaluation of remdesivir for the treatment of severe COVID-19 patients in China under different scenarios. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;87(11):4386\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.14860.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1930_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.23.21256009","author":"M Nasir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nasir M, Perveen RA, Nazneen R, Zahan T, Ahmad SN, Chowdhury ASMS. Paradox of Predictors in Critically ill COVID-19 Patients: Outcome of a COVID-dedicated Intensive Care Unit. medRxiv. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.04.23.21256009.","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"issue":"2","key":"1930_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/s2055-6640(20)30018-2","volume":"6","author":"A Hill","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hill A, Wang J, Levi J, Heath K, Fortunak J. Minimum costs to manufacture new treatments for COVID-19. J Virus Erad. 2020;6(2):61\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2055-6640(20)30018-2.","journal-title":"J Virus Erad"},{"key":"1930_CR38","unstructured":"Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER); Alternative pricing models for Remdesivir and other potential treatments for COVID-19. May 1, 2020. https:\/\/icer.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ICER-COVID_Initial_Abstract_05012020.pdf. Accessed 13 Sep 2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"1930_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofab040","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab040","volume":"8","author":"Y Jo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jo Y, Jamieson L, Edoka I, Long L, Silal S, Pulliam JRC, et al. Cost-effectiveness of Remdesivir and Dexamethasone for COVID-19 treatment in South Africa. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(3):ofab040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofab040.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"1930_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.18.21259072","author":"BN Arch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arch BN, Kovacs D, Scott JT, Jones AP, Harrison EM, Rosala-Hallas A, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of remdesivir in treating severe COVID-19 using data from the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK: a prospective, national cohort study. medRxiv. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.18.21259072.","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"1930_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab536","author":"T Benfield","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benfield T, Bodilsen J, Brieghel C, Harboe ZB, Helleberg M, Holm C, et al. Improved survival among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 treated with remdesivir and dexamethasone. A nationwide population-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab536.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1930_CR42","unstructured":"Chokkalingam AP, Li H, Asubonteng J, et al. Comparative Effectiveness Of Remdesivir Treatment In Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19. World Microbe Forum, 2021."},{"key":"1930_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab875","author":"E Mozaffari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mozaffari E, Chandak A, Zhang Z, Liang S, Thrun M, Gottlieb RL, et al. Remdesivir treatment in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a comparative analysis of in-hospital all-cause mortality in a large multi-center observational cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab875.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1930_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00485-0","author":"F Ader","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ader F, Bouscambert-Duchamp M, Hites M, Peiffer-Smadja N, Poissy J, Belhadi D, et al. Remdesivir plus standard of care versus standard of care alone for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (DisCoVeRy): a phase 3, randomised, controlled, open-label trial. LID. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00485-0.","journal-title":"LID"},{"issue":"10","key":"1930_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258643","volume":"16","author":"HA Hussain Alsayed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussain Alsayed HA, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Hussain AAS, Hamid Q, Halwani R. Early administration of remdesivir to COVID-19 patients associates with higher recovery rate and lower need for ICU admission: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(10): e0258643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258643.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"1930_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab321","volume":"76","author":"C Garcia-Vidal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia-Vidal C, Alonso R, Camon AM, Cardozo C, Albiach L, Ag\u00fcero D, et al. Impact of remdesivir according to the pre-admission symptom duration in patients with COVID-19. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;76(12):3296\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkab321.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1930_CR47","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences. Veklury\u00ae (Remdesivir) Significantly Reduced Risk of Hospitalization in High-Risk Patients with COVID-19. https:\/\/www.gilead.com\/news-and-press\/press-room\/press-releases\/2021\/9\/veklury-remdesivir-significantly-reduced-risk-of-hospitalization-in-highrisk-patients-with-covid19. Accessed 2 Dec 2021."},{"key":"1930_CR48","unstructured":"ICER\u2019s Cost Model Is Not Only Wrong It\u2019s Also Dangerous. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/waynewinegarden\/2020\/05\/11\/icers-cost-model-is-not-only-wrong-its-also-dangerous\/?sh=4016bd296c26. Accessed 3 Jan 2021."},{"key":"1930_CR49","unstructured":"CDC. Post-COVID Conditions. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/long-term-effects\/index.html. Accessed 5 Nov 2021."},{"issue":"12","key":"1930_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13423","volume":"50","author":"JPA Ioannidis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ioannidis JPA. Global perspective of COVID-19 epidemiology for a full-cycle pandemic. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50(12): e13423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.13423.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"10","key":"1930_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240783","volume":"15","author":"DN Greene","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greene DN, Jackson ML, Hillyard DR, Delgado JC, Schmidt RL. Decreasing median age of COVID-19 cases in the United States-changing epidemiology or changing surveillance? PLoS ONE. 2020;15(10): e0240783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0240783.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"1930_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract11040093","volume":"11","author":"S Shiehzadegan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shiehzadegan S, Alaghemand N, Fox M, Venketaraman V. Analysis of the delta variant B.1.617.2 COVID-19. Clin Pract. 2021;11(4):778\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/clinpract11040093.","journal-title":"Clin Pract"},{"key":"1930_CR53","unstructured":"WHO. Update on Omicron. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/28-11-2021-update-on-omicron. Accessed 2 Dec 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"1930_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06998-w","volume":"21","author":"A Carta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carta A, Conversano C. Cost utility analysis of Remdesivir and Dexamethasone treatment for hospitalised COVID-19 patients - a hypothetical study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-021-06998-w.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1930_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-021-01874-9","volume":"38","author":"E Oksuz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oksuz E, Malhan S, Gonen MS, Kutlubay Z, Keskindemirci Y, Jarrett J, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of Remdesivir treatment in COVID-19 patients requiring low-flow oxygen therapy: payer perspective in Turkey. Adv Ther. 2021;38(9):4935\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-021-01874-9.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"1930_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab432","author":"J Jeck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeck J, Jakobs F, Kron A, Cornely OA, Kron F. Retrospective modelling of hospital bed capacities associated with the administration of remdesivir during the first wave of COVID-19 in a German metropolitan city. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkab432.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"9","key":"1930_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa937","volume":"72","author":"BE Nichols","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nichols BE, Jamieson L, Zhang SRC, Rao GA, Silal S, Pulliam JRC, et al. The role of Remdesivir in South Africa: preventing COVID-19 deaths through increasing intensive care unit capacity. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(9):1642\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa937.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1930_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-022-01177-z","author":"M Ruggeri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruggeri M, Signorini A, Caravaggio S, Alraddadi B, Alali A, Jarrett J, et al. Modeling the potential impact of Remdesivir treatment for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia on healthcare resource use and direct hospital costs: a hypothetical study. Clin Drug Investig. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40261-022-01177-z.","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"issue":"4","key":"1930_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-022-01128-8","volume":"42","author":"M Ruggeri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruggeri M, Signorini A, Caravaggio S, Rua J, Lu\u00eds N, Braz S, et al. Estimation model for healthcare costs and intensive care units access for Covid-19 patients and evaluation of the effects of Remdesivir in the Portuguese context: hypothetical study. Clin Drug Investig. 2022;42(4):345\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40261-022-01128-8.","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"1930_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab631","author":"CKH Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong CKH, Lau KTK, Au ICH, Xiong X, Lau EHY, Cowling BJ. Clinical improvement, outcomes, antiviral activity, and costs associated with early treatment with remdesivir for patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab631.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01930-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01930-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01930-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T10:19:34Z","timestamp":1679912374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01930-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01930-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"MM and ED: Employees of Costello Medical. JJ: Employee of Gilead Sciences, Inc. OC: Grants or contracts: Amplyx, Basilea, BMBF, Cidara, DZIF, EU-DG RTD (101037867), F2G, Gilead, Matinas, MedPace, MSD, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pfizer, Scynexis; consulting fees: Amplyx, Biocon, Biosys, Cidara, Da Volterra, Gilead, Matinas, MedPace, Menarini, Molecular Partners, MSG-ERC, Noxxon, Octapharma, PSI, Scynexis, Seres; honoraria for lectures: Abbott, Al-Jazeera Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, Grupo Biotoscana\/United Medical\/Knight, Hikma, MedScape, MedUpdate, Merck\/MSD, Mylan, Pfizer; payment for expert testimony: Cidara; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board: Actelion, Allecra, Cidara, Entasis, IQVIA, Janssen, MedPace, Paratek, PSI, Shionogi; a patent from the German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DE 10 2021 113 007.7); other interests: DGHO, DGI, ECMM, ISHAM, MSG-ERC, Wiley. AS: Grants: Pfizer, Gilead; fees for lectures and advisory boards: Pfizer, MSD, Gilead, Angelini, Shionogi, and Menarini. The authors acknowledge Yasemin Hasimoglu, BA, from Costello Medical, US, for medical writing and editorial assistance based on the authors\u2019 input and direction. This study was funded by Gilead Sciences Europe Ltd.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}