{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:04:30Z","timestamp":1787681070094,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012681","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 infection numbers reported by governmental institutions are underestimated due to high dark figures as only results from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are incorporated in governmental statistics and testing capacities were further restricted as of July, 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A point prevalence investigation was piloted by rapid antigen testing (RAT) among participants of the VACCELERATE volunteer registry. 2400 volunteers were contacted, of which 500 received a RAT including instructions for self-testing in the first week of July, 2022. Results were self-reported via e-mail.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>419 valid RAT results were collected until July 7th, 2022. Between July-1 and July-7, 2022, 7\/419 (1.67%) tests were positive. Compared to reports of the German Federal Government, our results suggest a more than twofold higher prevalence. Three out of seven positive individuals did not have a PCR test and are therefore likely not to be displayed in governmental statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings imply that the actual prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 may be higher than detected by current surveillance systems, so that current pandemic surveillance and testing strategies may be adapted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01931-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T11:02:46Z","timestamp":1666609366000},"page":"465-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A pilot surveillance report of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test results among volunteers in Germany, 1st week of July 2022"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9152-2469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jannik","family":"Stemler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6766-8297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Salmanton-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Weise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1185-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"T\u00f6bben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8615-9730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolin","family":"Joisten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Fleig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9599-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver A.","family":"Cornely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of\u00a0the VACCELERATE Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1931_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tegally H, Moir M, Everatt J, et al. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5 in South Africa. Nat Med. 28(9):1785\u20131790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01911-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01911-2"},{"key":"1931_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.005","volume":"185","author":"A Tuekprakhon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tuekprakhon A, Nutalai R, Dijokaite-Guraliuc A, et al. Antibody escape of SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.4 and BA.5 from vaccine and BA.1 serum. Cell. 2022;185:2422-2433.e13.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7916","key":"1931_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-01730-y","volume":"606","author":"E Callaway","year":"2022","unstructured":"Callaway E. What Omicron\u2019s BA.4 and BA.5 variants mean for the pandemic. Nature. 2022;606(7916):848\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1931_CR4","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut. W\u00f6chentlicher Lagebericht des RKI zur Coronavirus-Krankheit-2019 (COVID-19)-09.06.2022. Robert Koch-Institut: Berlin; 2022."},{"key":"1931_CR5","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut. W\u00f6chentlicher Lagebericht des RKI zur Coronavirus-Krankheit-2019 (COVID-19)-23.06.2022. Robert Koch-Institut: Berlin; 2022."},{"key":"1931_CR6","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit, Die Nationale Teststrategie. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/www.zusammengegencorona.de\/testen\/die-nationale-teststrategie\/. Accessed 01 Jul 2022."},{"key":"1931_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.05.022","volume":"40","author":"J Salmanton-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salmanton-Garc\u00eda J, Stewart FA, Heringer S, et al. VACCELERATE Volunteer Registry: a European study participant database to facilitate clinical trial enrolment. Vaccine. 2022;40:4090\u20137.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1931_CR8","unstructured":"European Commission Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety Public Health, EU Common list of COVID-19 antigen tests 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/health.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2022-07\/covid-19_eu-common-list-antigen-tests_en.pdf"},{"key":"1931_CR9","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut. W\u00f6chentlicher Lagebericht des RKI zur Coronavirus-Krankheit-2019 (COVID-19)-07.07.2022. Berlin; 2022."},{"key":"1931_CR10","unstructured":"Deutsche Interdisziplin\u00e4re Vereinigung f\u00fcr Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, DIVI Intensivregister Tagesreport vom 08.07.2022; 2022."},{"key":"1931_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4223","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1866","volume":"73","author":"JI Cohen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohen JI, Burbelo PD. Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: implications for vaccines. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e4223\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1931_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112911","volume":"209","author":"S Pilz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pilz S, Theiler-Schwetz V, Trummer C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity. Environ Res. 2022;209: 112911.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1931_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00152-0","volume":"399","author":"DR Feikin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feikin DR, Higdon MM, Abu-Raddad LJ, et al. Duration of effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease: results of a systematic review and meta-regression. Lancet. 2022;399:924\u201344.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1931_CR14","volume-title":"Dritte Verordnung zur \u00c4nderung der Coronavirus-Testverordnung","author":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit. Dritte Verordnung zur \u00c4nderung der Coronavirus-Testverordnung. Berlin: Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit; 2022."},{"key":"1931_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116810","volume":"191","author":"T Prado","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prado T, Fumian TM, Mannarino CF, et al. Wastewater-based epidemiology as a useful tool to track SARS-CoV-2 and support public health policies at municipal level in Brazil. Water Res. 2021;191: 116810.","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"1931_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brumfield KD, Leddy M, Usmani M et al. Microbiome analysis for wastewater surveillance during COVID-19. mBio. 2022; e00591-22.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00591-22"},{"key":"1931_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindner AK, Nikolai O, Kausch F et al. Head-to-head comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test with self-collected nasal swab versus professional-collected nasopharyngeal swab. Eur Respir J. 2021;57:e00591\u201322.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04430-2020"},{"key":"1931_CR18","unstructured":"Estimating global, regional, and national daily and cumulative infections with SARS-CoV-2 through Nov 14, 2021: a statistical analysis. Lancet. 2022;399:2351\u20132380."}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01931-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01931-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01931-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T06:19:42Z","timestamp":1679897982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01931-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01931-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.07.18.22277744","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"JS has received research grants by the Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and Basilea Pharmaceuticals Inc.; has received speaker honoraria by Pfizer Inc. and Gilead; has been a consultant to Gilead, Produkt&Markt GmbH, Alvea Vax. and Micron Research, and has received travel grants by German Society for Infectious Diseases (DGI e.V.) and Meta-Alexander Foundation. JSG reports speaker honoraria for Gilead and Pfizer. BW, CT, CJ, JF have nothing to disclose. OAC reports grants or contracts from Amplyx, Basilea, BMBF, Cidara, DZIF, EU-DG RTD (101037867), F2G, Gilead, Matinas, MedPace, MSD, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pfizer, Scynexis; Consulting fees from Abbvie, Amplyx, Biocon, Biosys, Cidara, Da Volterra, Gilead, Matinas, MedPace, Menarini, Molecular Partners, MSG-ERC, Noxxon, Octapharma, Pardes, PSI, Scynexis, Seres; Honoraria for lectures from Abbott, Al-Jazeera Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, Grupo Biotoscana\/United Medical\/Knight, Hikma, MedScape, MedUpdate, Merck\/MSD, Mylan, Pfizer; Payment for expert testimony from Cidara; Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Actelion, Allecra, Cidara, Entasis, IQVIA, Janssen, MedPace, Paratek, PSI, Pulmocide, Shionogi; A patent at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DE 10 2021 113 007.7); Other interests from DGHO, DGI, ECMM, ISHAM, MSG-ERC, Wiley.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The VACCELERATE Volunteer Registry was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne (Cologne, Germany) (Study number 20-1536).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}},{"value":"Informed consent to be contacted for this kind of study was obtained from all individual participants included in the study when they registered for the VACCELERATE volunteer registry. Specific Information includign a data protection statement on this specific study within VACCELERATE was provided when participants were contacted.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants were informed about the intention to published anonymized results and consented via their participation.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}