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Here, we describe a case of VL occurring in a kidney transplant (KT) recipient in Italy, a country in which<jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>is endemic and we reviewed the literature on the clinical course and diagnosis of VL in KT recipients residing or travelling to southern Europe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The VL case was diagnosed 18\u00a0months after transplant and 28\u00a0days after the onset of symptoms by quantitative PCR (qPCR) on peripheral blood. A graft biopsy showed renal involvement, and PCR performed on graft tissue displayed the presence of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>DNA. The retrospective confirmation of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-positive serology in a serum sample collected before transplantation, as well as the absence of anti-<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>IgG in the graft donor strongly suggest that reactivation of a latent parasitic infection caused VL in the current case.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>VL is often underdiagnosed in transplant recipients, despite the presence of latent<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>infection being reported in endemic countries. This case report, as well as the literature review on leishmaniasis in KT recipients, underline the importance of rapid VL diagnosis to promptly undergo treatment. Serology is scarcely sensitive in immunocompromised patients, thus molecular tests in peripheral blood should be implemented and standardized for both VL identification and follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01943-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T18:08:36Z","timestamp":1667498916000},"page":"507-518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Updated diagnosis and graft involvement for visceral leishmaniasis in kidney transplant recipients: a case report and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Busutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Deni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra Mistral","family":"De Pascali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Ortalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Attard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Granozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Fabbrizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"La Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Comai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Varani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1943_CR1","volume-title":"Manual on case management and surveillance of the leishmaniases in the WHO European Region","author":"L Gradoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gradoni L, L\u00f3pez-V\u00e9lez R, Mokni M. 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