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Pathogen identifications used blood culture, samples from the upper and lower respiratory tract (culture and multiplex PCR) and urinary pneumococcal and legionella antigen test.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although the vaccination rate among PLWH with CAP was significantly higher (pneumococcal vaccination: 27.4 vs. 8.3%, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; influenza vaccination: 34.2 vs. 17.4%, p\u2009=\u20090.009), pneumococci were found most frequently as pathogen among both PLWH (n\u2009=\u200919\/21.3%) and controls (n\u2009=\u200934\/17.2%; p\u2009=\u20090.410), followed by <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> (PLWH, n\u2009=\u200912\/13.5%, vs. controls, n\u2009=\u200925 \/ 12.6%; p\u2009=\u20090.850). <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> was found equally in 20.2 and 19.2% in PLWH and controls, but infection or colonization could not be distinguished. Mortality during 6-month follow-up was significantly higher for PLWH (5\/73, or 6.8%) versus controls (3\/218, or 1.4%), however with lower case numbers than previously reported. Typical HIV-associated pathogens such as <jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:italic> were found only exceptionally.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study underscores the persistent clinical burden of CAP for PLWH. From pathogen perspective, empirical antibiotic treatment for CAP in PLWH on antiretroviral therapy should cover pneumococci and <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> and may be adopted from valid common recommendations<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02070-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,9]],"date-time":"2023-07-09T17:01:43Z","timestamp":1688922103000},"page":"129-137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pathogen spectrum of community acquired pneumonia in people living with HIV (PLWH) in the German CAPNETZ-Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Benjamin 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If the manuscript is accepted for publication by Infection, these will be specified in detail.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"B.T. Schleenvoigt received fees and financial support from the Central German Working group HIV e. V., Gilead, MSD, Janssen-Cilag, Pfizer, CRM, Falk, AstraZeneca, ViiV, AIDS help Potsdam, AIDS help Dresden and Merck outside of the present work. G. Barten-Neiner received funding for CAPNETZ from German Lung Center (DZL) and Grants from Pfizer. F. Voit received fees and financial support from B. Braun Melsungen AG, MSD and Gilead outside of the present work. C. Boesecke received financial research grants from DZIF, NEAT ID, Hector foundation and honoraria from Abbvie, MSD, JnJ, Gilead and ViiV outside of the present work. M. W. Pletz received financial research support from Infectopharm and Pfizer and honoraria from MSD, Pfizer, Shionogi, Bayer, Sanofi, GSK, Thermofisher and Roche outside of the present work. M. Witzenrath received financial research support from DFG, Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Pneumologie, European Respiratory Society, Marie Curie Foundation, Else Kr\u00f6ner Fresenius Stiftung, Capnetz Stiftung, Bayer Health Care, Biotest and honoraria from Astrazeneca, Insmed, Chiesi, Novartis, Teva, Actelion, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Biotest, Bayer Health Care, Pantherna, Pherecydes, and Inflarx outside of the present work. C. Stephan received honoraria from Gilead, MSD, Janssen-Cilag, AbbVie, ViiV and TAD outside the present work. None competing interests for J. Ankert, N. Suttorp, C. Hoffmann, D. Stolz, G. Rohde, A. Essig, M. Panning, J. Rupp, O. Degen.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"CAPNETZ is a national German cross-sectional and observational study, prospectively enrolling patients since 2001, and was approved by leading ethics committee (EC) Hanover Medical School (Vote-No. 601\u20132008) and by all locally involved EC. HIV\/CAP was amended as CAPNETZ substudy in 2017 to enroll HIV-positive individuals. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients admitted, and all were treated according to the Declaration of Helsinki, national and institutional standards.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}