{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:17:34Z","timestamp":1740107854024,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017590","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Essen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Granulomatosis due to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and disseminated <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>) infection may trigger hypercalcemia. Here, we report a rare case of hypercalcemia and acute kidney damage related to IRIS in a person living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 39-year-old male person living with HIV presented with muscle weakness and unwanted weight loss of 8\u00a0kg within the last 2\u00a0weeks. Laboratory findings included serum hypercalcemia of 3.27\u00a0mmol\/mL associated with elevated calcitriol and acute kidney damage. Since the first diagnosis of HIV and concomitant disseminated <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic> infection, the patient received antiretroviral therapy (ART), rifabutin, clarithromycin, and ethambutol. <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>Fluoro-D-glucose positron emission computed tomography (<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>FDG-PET\/CT) showed progressive multilocular lymphadenopathy. Biopsy specimen from the duodenum as well as retroperitoneal and mediastinal lymph nodes revealed granulomatous inflammation consistent with IRIS. Treatment with forced diuresis, bisphosphonates, and calcitonin normalized serum calcium and kidney function recovered.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Hypercalcemia due to IRIS is a rare differential diagnosis in persons living with HIV and may lead to acute kidney damage, despite sufficient ART and antimycobacterial treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02228-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T17:01:30Z","timestamp":1711213290000},"page":"1627-1631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypercalcemia as a rare manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in a person living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) with disseminated\u00a0nontuberculous mycobacteriosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Webendoerfer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarethe","family":"Konik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Zettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Wienker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josefine","family":"Rawitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Esser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kehrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans Christian","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Witzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Dolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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H.C.R. received research funding from Gilead and AstraZeneca. H.C.R. is a co-founder of CDL Therapeutics GmbH. O.W. is a member of the Editorial Board of Infection. All remaining authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No approval by the local ethics committee was necessary.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The patient consented to participate in this case report.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The patient consented to publish this case report.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}