{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T14:13:24Z","timestamp":1784038404001,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Hospital Regensburg, Germany","award":["ReForM-A program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ReForM-A program"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01KI2002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2002"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01KI2005F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KI2005F"]}]},{"name":"Bavarian State Ministry of Health and Care","award":["Bornavirus \u2013 Focal Point Bavaria 2.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bornavirus \u2013 Focal Point Bavaria 2.0"]}]},{"name":"Bavarian State Ministry of Health and Care","award":["Bornavirus \u2013 Focal Point Bavaria 2.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bornavirus \u2013 Focal Point Bavaria 2.0"]}]},{"name":"German Ministry of Education and Research","award":["PREPMedVet no. 13N15449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PREPMedVet no. 13N15449"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005296","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Regensburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005296","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Within endemic regions in southern and eastern Germany, Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) causes rare zoonotic spill-over infections in humans, leading to encephalitis with a high case-fatality risk. So far, <jats:italic>intra-vitam<\/jats:italic> diagnosis has mainly been based on RT-qPCR from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serology, both being associated with diagnostic challenges. Whilst low RNA copy numbers in CSF limit the sensitivity of RT-qPCR from this material, seroconversion often occurs late during the course of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Here, we report the new case of a 40\u2009\u2212\u200950\u00a0year-old patient in whom the detection of virus-specific T cells via ELISpot corroborated the diagnosis of BoDV-1 infection. The patient showed a typical course of the disease with prodromal symptoms like fever and headaches 2.5\u00a0weeks prior to hospital admission, required mechanical ventilation from day three after hospitalisation and remained in deep coma until death ten days after admission.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Infection was first detected by positive RT-qPCR from a CSF sample drawn four\u00a0days after admission (viral load 890 copies\/mL). A positive ELISpot result was obtained from peripheral blood collected on day seven, when virus-specific IgG antibodies were not detectable in serum, possibly due to previous immune adsorption for suspected autoimmune-mediated encephalitis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This case demonstrates that BoDV-1 ELISpot serves as additional diagnostic tool even in the first week after hospitalisation of patients with BoDV-1 encephalitis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02246-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1712901729000},"page":"1663-1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Detection of virus-specific T cells via ELISpot corroborates early diagnosis in human Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Bauswein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Eidenschink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Gessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Tappe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Cadar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merle M.","family":"B\u00f6hmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Jockel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"van Wickeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Garibashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Wiesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Wendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef G.","family":"Heckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Angstwurm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Freyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2246_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1803115","volume":"379","author":"K Schlottau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schlottau K, Forth L, Angstwurm K, H\u00f6per D, Zecher D, Liesche F, et al. Fatal Encephalitic borna disease virus 1 in solid-organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:1377\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1803115.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2246_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1800724","author":"K Korn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Korn K, Coras R, Bobinger T, Herzog SM, L\u00fccking H, St\u00f6hr R, et al. Fatal encephalitis associated with borna disease virus 1. N Engl J Med. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1800724.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2246_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2174778","volume":"12","author":"K P\u00f6rtner","year":"2023","unstructured":"P\u00f6rtner K, Wilking H, Frank C, B\u00f6hmer MM, Stark K, Tappe D. Risk factors for Borna disease virus 1 encephalitis in Germany\u2014case-control study. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023;12: e2174778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2023.2174778.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2246_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093659","volume":"9","author":"R D\u00fcrrwald","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u00fcrrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Weissenb\u00f6ck H, Nowotny N. The bicolored white-toothed shrew Crocidura leucodon (HERMANN 1780) is an indigenous host of mammalian Borna disease virus. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e93659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0093659.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2246_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-01998-w","volume":"51","author":"L Grosse","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grosse L, Lieft\u00fcchter V, Vollmuth Y, Hoffmann F, Olivieri M, Reiter K, et al. First detected geographical cluster of BoDV-1 encephalitis from same small village in two children: therapeutic considerations and epidemiological implications. Infection. 2023;51:1383\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-023-01998-w.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2246_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s42451-022-00440-z","volume":"5","author":"T Meyer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meyer T, Tappe D, Hasan D, Rust M, Schulz JB, Schiefer J, Tauber SC. \u201eBorna disease virus 1\u201c(BoDV-1)-Enzephalitis eines 18-J\u00e4hrigen au\u00dferhalb des bisher bekannten Endemiegebietes. DGNeurologie. 2022;5:300\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42451-022-00440-z.","journal-title":"DGNeurologie"},{"key":"2246_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120568","author":"B Neumann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neumann B, Hierl A, Wunderlich S, Meier H, Bauer C, Gerner ST, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid in borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis. J Neurol Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2023.120568.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2246_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25873","volume":"88","author":"T Finck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Finck T, Liesche-Starnecker F, Probst M, Bette S, Ruf V, Wendl C, et al. Bornavirus encephalitis shows a characteristic magnetic resonance phenotype in humans. Ann Neurol. 2020;88:723\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25873.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2246_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100499","author":"B Neumann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neumann B, Angstwurm K, Linker RA, Knoll G, Eidenschink L, Rubbenstroth D, et al. Antibodies against viral nucleo-, phospho-, and X protein contribute to serological diagnosis of fatal borna disease virus 1 infections. Cell Rep Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100499.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"2246_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.204490","volume":"27","author":"P Eisermann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eisermann P, Rubbenstroth D, Cadar D, Thom\u00e9-Bolduan C, Eggert P, Schlaphof A, et al. Active case finding of current bornavirus infections in human encephalitis cases of unknown etiology, Germany, 2018\u20132020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27:1371\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2705.204490.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2246_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.4379-4386.1998","volume":"72","author":"W Hallensleben","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hallensleben W, Schwemmle M, Hausmann J, Stitz L, Volk B, Pagenstecher A, Staeheli P. Borna disease virus-induced neurological disorder in mice: infection of neonates results in immunopathology. 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Clin Chem. 2009;55:2218\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2009.136192.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2246_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4551-4557.2005","volume":"43","author":"J Dreier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dreier J, St\u00f6rmer M, Kleesiek K. Use of bacteriophage MS2 as an internal control in viral reverse transcription-PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4551\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4551-4557.2005.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2246_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010188","author":"M Bauswein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bauswein M, Eidenschink L, Knoll G, Neumann B, Angstwurm K, Zoubaa S, et al. Human infections with borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) primarily lead to severe encephalitis: further evidence from the seroepidemiological BoSOT study in an endemic region in southern Germany. Viruses. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15010188.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2246_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56839-4","author":"D Tappe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tappe D, Frank C, Offergeld R, Wagner-Wiening C, Stark K, Rubbenstroth D, et al. Low prevalence of borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) IgG antibodies in humans from areas endemic for animal Borna disease of Southern Germany. Sci Rep. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-56839-4.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2246_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02048-1","author":"P Allartz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Allartz P, Hotop S-K, Muntau B, Schlaphof A, Thom\u00e9-Bolduan C, Gabriel M, et al. Detection of bornavirus-reactive antibodies and BoDV-1 RNA only in encephalitis patients from virus endemic areas: a comparative serological and molecular sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and disease duration correlation study. Infection. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-023-02048-1.","journal-title":"Infection."},{"key":"2246_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02005-z","volume":"137","author":"R Coras","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coras R, Korn K, Kuerten S, Huttner HB, Ensser A. Severe bornavirus-encephalitis presenting as guillain-barr\u00e9-syndrome. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;137:1017\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-019-02005-z.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2246_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.2.1715-1718.1999","volume":"73","author":"O Planz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Planz O, Stitz L. Borna disease virus nucleoprotein (p40) is a major target for CD8(+)-T-cell-mediated immune response. J Virol. 1999;73:1715\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.73.2.1715-1718.1999.","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02246-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02246-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02246-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T11:08:19Z","timestamp":1729681699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02246-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02246-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication of their clinical details and\/or clinical images was obtained from the relative of the patient. A copy of the consent form is available for review by the Editor of this journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}