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It is not known if other criteria to document <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> infection may contribute to the diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We compared the sensitivity of three individual criteria (ITBAS, CSF <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> culture, and the presence of erythema migrans [EM]) to confirm the diagnosis of early Lyme neuroborreliosis in 280 patients\u2009\u2265\u200915 years of age evaluated at a Lyme borreliosis outpatient clinic in Slovenia. The patients had either radicular pain of new onset or involvement of a cranial nerve but without radicular pain, each in conjunction with CSF pleocytosis. Evaluation was of patients who had each of the three confirmatory criteria assessed, and for whom at least one criterion was positive.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Analysis of 280 patients, 120 women and 160 men, median age 57 (range 15\u201384) years, revealed that ITBAS was the most frequently observed positive criterion (85.4%), followed by EM (52.9%), and by a positive CSF <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> culture (9.6%). Of the 280 patients, 154 (55%) met only one criterion (43.2% ITBAS only, 10.7% EM only, and 1.1% positive CSF culture only), whereas 42.1% met two criteria. Only 2.9% of patients were positive by all three criteria.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Although ITBAS was the most frequent criterion for confirmation for <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> infection, the presence of EM alone confirmed an additional 10.7% of patients and a positive CSF <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> culture alone added another 1.1%.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02338-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T08:02:01Z","timestamp":1720512121000},"page":"165-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessment of three criteria to establish borrelial infection in suspected lyme neuroborreliosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8134-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Ogrinc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Bogovi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Maraspin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanka","family":"Lotri\u010d Furlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tereza","family":"Rojko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Ru\u017ei\u0107-Sablji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Kastrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemen","family":"Strle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary P.","family":"Wormser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franc","family":"Strle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2338_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux047","author":"G Stanek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stanek G, Strle F. 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G.P.W. reports receiving research grants from Biopeptides, Corp. and Pfizer, Inc. He is an unpaid board member of the non-profit American Lyme Disease Foundation. F.S. served on the scientific advisory board for Roche on Lyme disease serological diagnostics and on the scientific advisory board for Pfizer on Lyme disease vaccine and is an unpaid member of the steering committee of the ESCMID Study Group on Lyme Borreliosis\/ESGBOR. Other authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}