{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:47:34Z","timestamp":1791586054456,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008891","name":"Loma Linda University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The worldwide prevalence of Chagas Cardiomyopathy (CCM) as well as the trends in the prevalence of CCM over time have not been well characterized.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data from 1990 to 2019 was conducted to assess the burden of CCM. This study focused on determining the prevalence of CCM, along with its age-standardized prevalence rate (ASR) per 1,00,000 people, considering various patient demographics and geographical regions as defined in the GBD. Additionally, the study examined the temporal trends over this 30-year period by calculating the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in CCM prevalence for the global population and specific subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Worldwide, the GBD reported 220,166 individuals with CCM in 1990 and 2,83,236 individuals in 2019, with a decline in the ASR from 5.23 (3.34\u20137.47) to 3.42 (2.2\u20134.91) per 1,00,000 individuals during that period. In 2019, the prevalence was highest in individuals over age 70 and in males compared to females. Among available geographic classifications in 2019, Latin American regions had the highest rates (ASR of 39.49\u201361.15\/1,00,000), while high income North American and Western European regions had the lowest rates (ASRs of 0.67 and 0.34\/1,00,000, respectively). Between 1990 and 2019, the worldwide prevalence of CCM per 1,00,000 decreased (EAPC of \u22120.35, \u22120.37 to \u22120.32), with similar trends among most regions and subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This analysis of the GBD data reveals both global and country-specific patterns in the prevalence and trends of CCM. Notably, CCM shows the highest prevalence in Latin American countries, although it\u2019s also significantly present in regions beyond Latin America. Notably, the global age-standardized rate of CCM is on the decline, suggesting improvements in healthcare strategies or lifestyle changes across the world.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02408-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T17:03:59Z","timestamp":1729616639000},"page":"947-952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Worldwide prevalence of chagas cardiomyopathy\u2014an analysis from the global burden of disease dataset"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Abdul Mannan Khan","family":"Minhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim S.","family":"Virani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Mentz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis E.","family":"Echeverria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan T.","family":"Arcobello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Abramov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2408_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1150","volume":"17","author":"SA G\u00f3mez-Ochoa","year":"2022","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Ochoa SA, Rojas LZ, Echeverr\u00eda LE, Muka T, Franco OH. Global, regional, and national trends of Chagas disease from 1990 to 2019: comprehensive analysis of the global burden of disease study. Glob Heart. 2022;17(1):59.","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"2408_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000599","volume":"138","author":"MCP Nunes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nunes MCP, Beaton A, Acquatella H, Bern C, Bolger AF, Echeverria LE, Dutra WO, Gascon J, Morillo CA, Oliveira-Filho J. Chagas cardiomyopathy: an update of current clinical knowledge and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138:e169\u2013209.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2408_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2015072","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.15072","volume":"3","author":"S Chadalawada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chadalawada S, Sillau S, Archuleta S, Mundo W, Bandali M, Parra-Henao G, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Villamil-Gomez WE, Su\u00e1rez JA, Shapiro L. Risk of chronic cardiomyopathy among patients with the acute phase or indeterminate form of Chagas disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2015072\u2013e2015072.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2408_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13648","volume":"8","author":"S Chadalawada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chadalawada S, Rassi A Jr, Samara O, Monzon A, Gudapati D, Vargas Barahona L, Hyson P, Sillau S, Mestroni L, Taylor M. Mortality risk in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8:5466\u201381.","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2408_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2023.12.008","volume":"269","author":"PR Salerno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salerno PR, Chen Z, Wass S, Motairek I, Elamm C, Salerno LM, Hassani NS, Deo SV, Al-Kindi SG. Sex-specific heart failure burden across the United States: Global burden of disease 1990\u20132019. Am Heart J. 2024;269:35\u201344.","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2408_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e027852","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.027852","volume":"12","author":"T Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan T, Zhu S, Yin X, Xie C, Xue J, Zhu M, Weng F, Zhu S, Xiang B, Zhou X. Burden, trends, and inequalities of heart failure globally, 1990 to 2019: a secondary analysis based on the global burden of disease 2019 study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12:e027852.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2408_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2015.06.003","volume":"10","author":"JCP Dias","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dias JCP. Evolution of Chagas disease screening programs and control programs: historical perspective. Glob Heart. 2015;10:193\u2013202.","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"key":"2408_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2807.212221","volume":"28","author":"A Irish","year":"2022","unstructured":"Irish A, Whitman JD, Clark EH, Marcus R, Bern C. Updated estimates and mapping for prevalence of Chagas disease among adults United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28:1313.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2408_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.03.013","volume":"11","author":"AP Mansur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mansur AP, Pereira-Barretto AC, Del Carlo CH, Ianni BM, Avakian SD, Gon\u00e7alinho GH, Nakagawa NK, C\u00e9sar LA, Bocchi EA. Sex differences in prognosis of heart failure due to chronic chagas cardiomyopathy. JACC Heart Fail. 2023;11(9):1284-1286.","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"2408_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"AN Assun\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2017","unstructured":"Assun\u00e7\u00e3o AN, Jerosch-Herold M, Melo RL, Mauricio AV, Rocha L, Torre\u00e3o JA, Fernandes F, Ianni BM, Mady C, Ramires JA. Chagas\u2019 heart disease: gender differences in myocardial damage assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2017;18:1\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"2408_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000200008","volume":"57","author":"LD Pereira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pereira LD, Freitas EC, Fidalgo AS, Andrade MC, Candido DD, Silva Filho JD, Michailowsky V, Oliveira MD, Queiroz JA. Clinical and epidemiological profile of elderly patients with Chagas disease followed between 2005\u20132013 by pharmaceutical care service in Cear\u00e1 State Northeastern Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo. 2015;57:145\u201352.","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02408-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02408-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02408-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T05:54:38Z","timestamp":1749016478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02408-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02408-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}