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In a subanalysis 1228 episodes of BSI (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> N\u2009=\u2009914, <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> spp. N\u2009=\u2009314) were analyzed for clinical endpoints and risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was the most prevalent cause of BSI, with 5412 cases, followed by <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> spp. (2148 cases), <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (789 cases), <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic> spp. (696 cases), and <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> (31 cases). BSI incidence rates were particularly high in haematology\/oncology, with <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> BSI reaching 13.9 per 1000 admissions. Most (58%) of the BSI episodes were community-acquired. A notable finding was the moderate increase of third-generation cephalosporin resistant Enterobacterales (3GCREB) for <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> from 13.9% in 2016 to 14.4% in 2020 and a decrease for <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> spp. from 16.5% in 2016 to 11.1% in 2020 corresponding to extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) phenotype. In our analysis, the 3GCREB phenotype was not associated with a higher risk of death or discharge with sequelae for <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> spp.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study provides longitudinal data on Gram-negative BSI in Germany on a clinical basis for the first time. These data underscores the critical need for ongoing surveillance and more pathogen-related clinical data.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02430-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T16:17:43Z","timestamp":1732551463000},"page":"625-633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gram-negative bloodstream infections in six German university hospitals, 2016\u20132020: clinical and microbiological features"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2326-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Mischnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0230-4163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Baltus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8288-1793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah V.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3993-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Behnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4733-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beryl Primrose","family":"Gladstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trinad","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4706-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Falgenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5520-4287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Gastmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"G\u00f6lz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7666-4634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siri","family":"G\u00f6pel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1058-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg A.","family":"H\u00e4cker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8677-9454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul G.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Imirzalioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"K\u00e4ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Kramme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7493-7080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siegbert","family":"Rieg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M.","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7732-4762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2010-4977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelina","family":"Tacconelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-6059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Tobys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Trauth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J. 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