{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T08:56:07Z","timestamp":1764752167558,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005296","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Regensburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005296","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infections with atypical mycobacteria are rare and sometimes difficult to correctly diagnose. In many cases underlying diseases such immune deficiency can promote these infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 43-year-old male of Southeast Asian origin presented to our tertiary care hospital with persistent cervical lymphadenopathy non-responsive to antibiotics. Imaging suggested malignancy, but a biopsy did not confirm this suspicion. PCR diagnostics identified Mycobacterium genavense and further immunological testing revealed an acquired adult-onset immunodeficiency due to neutralizing anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibodies (nAIGA), explaining both the current infection and previous pleural empyema. The patient responded well to triple antimycobacterial therapy, with no recurrence or novel infection after almost two years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our case highlights the importance of considering underlying immunodeficiencies and the patient\u2019s geographic origin in the diagnosis of rare infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02539-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T03:41:10Z","timestamp":1747366870000},"page":"2889-2891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cervical Mycobacterium genavense infection in a patient with lymphadenitis and previously unknown anti-IFN-\u03b3 IgG autoantibodies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Michaelides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stilla","family":"Bauernfeind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"K\u00f6lsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Hitzenbichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Bohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constantin A.","family":"Hintschich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2539_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.09.008","volume":"26","author":"J Bustamante","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bustamante J, et al. Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease: genetic, immunological, and clinical features of inborn errors of IFN-gamma immunity. Semin Immunol. 2014;26(6):454\u201370.","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"2539_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.05.007","volume":"72","author":"HP Shih","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shih HP, et al. Anti-interferon-gamma autoantibody-associated immunodeficiency. Curr Opin Immunol. 2021;72:206\u201314.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"8811","key":"2539_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90397-L","volume":"340","author":"EC B\u00f6ttger","year":"1992","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttger EC, et al. Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense infection in patients with AIDS. 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Infect Immun. 2007;75(3):1196\u2013202.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2539_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00227.x","volume":"203","author":"SD Rosenzweig","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rosenzweig SD, Holland SM. Defects in the interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 pathways. Immunol Rev. 2005;203:38\u201347.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2539_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120222","volume":"32","author":"SK Browne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Browne SK. Anticytokine autoantibody-associated immunodeficiency. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:635\u201357.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2539_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4158","volume":"22","author":"CH Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin CH, et al. Identification of a major epitope by anti-interferon-\u03b3 autoantibodies in patients with mycobacterial disease. Nat Med. 2016;22(9):994\u20131001.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2539_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-17","volume":"8","author":"MT Milan\u00e9s-Virelles","year":"2008","unstructured":"Milan\u00e9s-Virelles MT, et al. Adjuvant interferon gamma in patients with pulmonary atypical mycobacteriosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMC Infect Dis. 2008;8:17.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2539_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002513","volume":"86","author":"G Ahrenstorf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahrenstorf G, et al. Improved prognosis of infection with Mycobacterium genavense in Immune-Compromized HIV patients after introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;86(1):e9\u201312.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2539_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-015-0161-5","volume":"35","author":"LG Hanitsch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanitsch LG, et al. Late-Onset disseminated Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex infection (MAC), cerebral toxoplasmosis and Salmonella sepsis in a German Caucasian patient with unusual Anti-Interferon-Gamma IgG1 autoantibodies. 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