{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:46:07Z","timestamp":1794037567589,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guidance Plan Project of Hengyang City, China","award":["2424017529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2424017529"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023JJ30503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ30503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department, China","award":["22A0297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22A0297"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02591-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T09:00:12Z","timestamp":1750669212000},"page":"2303-2319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Congenital syphilis: adverse pregnancy outcomes and neonatal disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Baihuan","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuefang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenbin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaofeng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105879","volume":"173","author":"Y Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo Y, Xie Y, Chen J, et al. Treponema pallidum FlaA2 inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is mediated via TLR2 in keratinocytes. Microb Pathog. 2022;173:105879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105879","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2591_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.06.046","volume":"110","author":"X Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo X, Zhang X, Zhao T, et al. A preliminary study on the Proinflammatory mechanisms of  Treponema pallidum outer membrane protein Tp92 in human macrophages and HMEC-1 cells. Microb Pathog. 2017;110:176\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.06.046","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2591_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02348-0","volume":"402","author":"RW Peeling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peeling RW, Mabey D, Chen X-S, Garcia PJ. Syphilis. Lancet Lond Engl. 2023;402:336\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02348-0","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"2591_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.3390\/children10081310","volume":"10","author":"D Sankaran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sankaran D, Partridge E, Lakshminrusimha S. Congenital Syphilis-An illustrative review. Child Basel Switz. 2023;10:1310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10081310","journal-title":"Child Basel Switz"},{"key":"2591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2202762","volume":"390","author":"IA Stafford","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stafford IA, Workowski KA,Bachmann LH (2024) Syphilis Complicating Pregnancy and Congenital Syphilis. N Engl J Med 390:242\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2202762","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2591_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0012622","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00126-22","volume":"36","author":"LS Gilmour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gilmour LS, Walls T. Congenital syphilis: a review of global epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2023;36:e0012622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/cmr.00126-22","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2591_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01939-z","volume":"51","author":"Y Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang Y, Zhou Y, He B, et al. Investigation of the immune escape mechanism of Treponema pallidum. Infection. 2023;51:305\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01939-z","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2591_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.01.002","volume":"222","author":"M Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu M, Xie Y, Jiang C, et al. Treponema pallidum flagellins elicit Proinflammatory cytokines from human monocytes via TLR5 signaling pathway. Immunobiology. 2017;222:709\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.01.002","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2591_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2022.04.012","volume":"147","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Lu S, Zheng K, et al. Treponema pallidum delays the apoptosis of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Mol Immunol. 2022;147:157\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2022.04.012","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2591_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae114","volume":"116","author":"T Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao T, Li Y, Zhou X, et al. Treponema pallidum Recombinant protein Tp0768 enhances the ability of HUVECs to promote neutrophil chemotaxis through the TLR2\/ER stress signaling pathway. J Leukoc Biol. 2024;116:1045\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae114","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2591_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15228","volume":"40","author":"J Newton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Newton J, Silence C, Boetes J, Cohen BA. Mucocutaneous manifestations of congenital syphilis in the neonate: A review of a surging disease. Pediatr Dermatol. 2023;40:238\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pde.15228","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"2591_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.71B5.2584243","volume":"71","author":"MN Rasool","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rasool MN, Govender S. The skeletal manifestations of congenital syphilis. A review of 197 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71:752\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.71B5.2584243","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2591_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e244203","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-244203","volume":"14","author":"AG Saini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saini AG, Kamila G, Vyas S. Severe microcephaly, intellectual disability and epilepsy: the ravages of congenital syphilis. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14:e244203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-244203","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2591_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.15662","volume":"16","author":"W Iskandar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iskandar W, Permatagalih V, Primadi A, Gamayani U. Congenital neurosyphilis presenting as neonatal sepsis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2022;16:1113\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.15662","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"2591_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265725","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1265725","volume":"11","author":"A David","year":"2023","unstructured":"David A, Posfay-Barbe KM, Aguiar Nogueira C, Toutous Trellu L. Congenital syphilis in switzerland: a marker of inequality? A mini-review. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1265725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1265725","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2591_CR16","first-page":"12","volume":"31","author":"KS Kotas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kotas KS, Stahlman SL, Ying S, et al. Syphilis cases among pregnant women and newborns in the military health system, 2012\u20132022. MSMR. 2024;31:12\u20136.","journal-title":"MSMR"},{"key":"2591_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003000","volume":"133","author":"S Trivedi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trivedi S, Williams C, Torrone E, Kidd S. National trends and reported risk factors among pregnant women with syphilis in the united states, 2012\u20132016. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133:27\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2591_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448841","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1448841","volume":"11","author":"W Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu W, You X, Luo W. Global, regional, and National burden of syphilis, 1990\u20132021 and predictions by bayesian age-period-cohort analysis: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Front Med. 2024;11:1448841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1448841","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2591_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117863371988328","DOI":"10.1177\/1178633719883282","volume":"12","author":"R Schmidt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmidt R, Carson PJ, Jansen RJ. Resurgence of syphilis in the united states: an assessment of contributing factors. Infect Dis. 2019;12:1178633719883282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1178633719883282","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0251929","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251929","volume":"16","author":"S-S Mao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mao S-S, Feng S-D, Zheng C-L, et al. Trends of HIV\/Syphilis\/HSV-2 seropositive rate and factors associated with HSV-2 infection in men who have sex with men in shenzhen, china: A retrospective study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0251929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251929","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2591_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e012118","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012118","volume":"7","author":"N Boffin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boffin N, Moreels S, Deblonde J, Van Casteren V. Four sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Belgian general practice: first results (2013\u20132014) of a nationwide continuing surveillance study. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e012118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012118","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2591_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3005.231273","volume":"30","author":"JF Fuertes-Bucheli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fuertes-Bucheli JF, Buenaventura-Alegr\u00eda DP, Rivas-Mina AM, Pacheco-L\u00f3pez R. Congenital syphilis prevention challenges, Pacific Coast of colombia, 2018\u20132022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30:890\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid3005.231273","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00105517","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00105517","volume":"34","author":"GJD Reis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reis GJD, Barcellos C, Pedroso M, de Xavier M DR. [Intraurban differentials in congenital syphilis: a predictive analysis by neighborhood in the City of Rio de janeiro, brazil]. Cad Saude Publica. 2018;34:e00105517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0102-311X00105517","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"2591_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.6003","volume":"41","author":"J Ben\u00edtez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ben\u00edtez J, Y\u00e9pez MA, Hern\u00e1ndez-Carrillo M, et al. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of gestational syphilis in cali, 2018. Biomed Rev Inst Nac Salud. 2021;41:140\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7705\/biomedica.6003","journal-title":"Biomed Rev Inst Nac Salud"},{"key":"2591_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dantas J da C, Marinho C da, SR, Pinheiro YT, Silva RAR da. Temporal trend of gestational syphilis between 2008 and 2018 in brazil: association with socioeconomic and health care factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:16456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192416456","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416456"},{"key":"2591_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1716","volume":"72","author":"J Ueleres Braga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ueleres Braga J, Araujo RS, de Souza ASS. The shortage of benzathine penicillin and its impact on congenital syphilis incidence: an Ecologic study in the City of Rio de Janeiro. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2021;72:e79\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1716","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"2591_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.57187\/s.3678","volume":"154","author":"C Alberto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alberto C, Wagner N, Foug\u00e8re Y, et al. Syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis from 2012 to 2021 in switzerland: a multicentre, retrospective study. Swiss Med Wkly. 2024;154:3678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57187\/s.3678","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2591_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001909","volume":"51","author":"RM Close","year":"2024","unstructured":"Close RM, Weigle A, Thompson T, McAuley J. Integrated response to address a resurgent syphilis epidemic in a rural American Indian community, whiteriver, arizona, January 2022 to June 2023. Sex Transm Dis. 2024;51:156\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001909","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106374","volume":"184","author":"T Jun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jun T, Zhimin L, Xi D, et al. Immunisation with the glycolytic enzyme enolase inhibits dissemination of Treponema pallidum in C57BL\/6 mice. Microb Pathog. 2023;184:106374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106374","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2591_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577129","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.577129","volume":"11","author":"S Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu S, Zheng K, Wang J, et al. Characterization of Treponema pallidum dissemination in C57BL\/6 mice. Front Immunol. 2020;11:577129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.577129","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2591_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106392","volume":"185","author":"W Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li W, Yuan W, Huang S, et al. Research progress on the mechanism of Treponema pallidum breaking through placental barrier. Microb Pathog. 2023;185:106392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106392","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2591_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.09.020","volume":"403","author":"J Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu J, Howell JK, Bradley SD, et al. Cellular architecture of Treponema pallidum: novel flagellum, periplasmic cone, and cell envelope as revealed by cryo electron tomography. J Mol Biol. 2010;403:546\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.09.020","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2591_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006","volume":"19","author":"RE LaFond","year":"2006","unstructured":"LaFond RE, Lukehart SA. Biological basis for syphilis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19:29\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.19.1.29-49.2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2591_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.141","volume":"14","author":"JD Radolf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Radolf JD, Deka RK, Anand A, et al. Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete: making a living as a stealth pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14:744\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.141","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2591_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210902","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210902","volume":"14","author":"B Church","year":"2019","unstructured":"Church B, Wall E, Webb JR, Cameron CE. Interaction of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete, with human platelets. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0210902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210902","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2591_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03104-6","volume":"76","author":"M Kn\u00f6fler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kn\u00f6fler M, Haider S, Saleh L, et al. Human placenta and trophoblast development: key molecular mechanisms and model systems. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS. 2019;76:3479\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-019-03104-6","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS"},{"key":"2591_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5375.375","volume":"281","author":"CM Fraser","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fraser CM, Norris SJ, Weinstock GM, et al. Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. Science. 1998;281:375\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.281.5375.375","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2591_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1139\/m83-232","volume":"29","author":"TJ Fitzgerald","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fitzgerald TJ, Gannon EM. Further evidence for hyaluronidase activity of Treponema pallidum. Can J Microbiol. 1983;29:1507\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/m83-232","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"2591_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cws162","volume":"23","author":"BS Hromatka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hromatka BS, Drake PM, Kapidzic M, et al. Polysialic acid enhances the migration and invasion of human cytotrophoblasts. Glycobiology. 2013;23:593\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/glycob\/cws162","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"2591_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix041","volume":"215","author":"S Suwarto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suwarto S, Sasmono RT, Sinto R, et al. Association of endothelial glycocalyx and tight and adherens junctions with severity of plasma leakage in dengue infection. J Infect Dis. 2017;215:992\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jix041","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2022.151553","volume":"312","author":"S Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu S, Wang J, He Z, et al. Treponema pallidum Tp0751 alters the expression of tight junction proteins by promoting bEnd3 cell apoptosis and IL-6 secretion. Int J Med Microbiol IJMM. 2022;312:151553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmm.2022.151553","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol IJMM"},{"key":"2591_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115134","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115134","volume":"9","author":"R-L Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang R-L, Zhang J-P, Wang Q-Q. Recombinant Treponema pallidum protein Tp0965 activates endothelial cells and increases the permeability of endothelial cell monolayer. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e115134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0115134","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2591_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-021-00134-4","volume":"13","author":"T Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu T, Dong Q, Luo Y, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection promotes mitochondrial dysfunction through Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission in endothelial cells. Int J Oral Sci. 2021;13:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41368-021-00134-4","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"2591_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691731","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.691731","volume":"12","author":"KV Lithgow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lithgow KV, Tsao E, Schovanek E, et al. Treponema pallidum disrupts VE-Cadherin intercellular junctions and traverses endothelial barriers using a Cholesterol-Dependent mechanism. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:691731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.691731","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2591_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12389","volume":"42","author":"L Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang L, Yu Y, Guan H, et al. 67-kDa laminin receptor contributes to hypoxia-induced migration and invasion of trophoblast-like cells by mediating matrix metalloproteinase-9. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2015;42:549\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1440-1681.12389","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"2591_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lithgow KV, Church B, Gomez A, et al, et al. Identification of the neuroinvasive pathogen host target, lamr, as an endothelial receptor for the Treponema pallidum adhesin Tp0751. mSphere. 2020;5(e00195\u201320). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSphere.00195-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00195-20"},{"key":"2591_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13984","volume":"31","author":"F Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu F, Zhang J-P, Wang Q-Q. Scanning electron microscopy of the adhesion of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (Nichol strain) to human brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV. 2017;31:e221\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.13984","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV"},{"key":"2591_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.48.4.227","volume":"48","author":"NM Ovcinnikov","year":"1972","unstructured":"Ovcinnikov NM, Delektorskij VV. Electron microscopy of phagocytosis in syphilis and yaws. Br J Vener Dis. 1972;48:227\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sti.48.4.227","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2000.41.5.623","volume":"41","author":"KH Lee","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lee KH, Choi HJ, Lee MG, Lee JB. Virulent Treponema pallidum 47\u00a0kda antigen regulates the expression of cell adhesion molecules and binding of T-lymphocytes to cultured human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Yonsei Med J. 2000;41:623\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3349\/ymj.2000.41.5.623","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"2591_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.02.028","volume":"25","author":"R-L Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang R-L, Wang Q-Q, Zhang J-P, Yang L-J. Tp17 membrane protein of Treponema pallidum activates endothelial cells in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015;25:538\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.02.028","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2591_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108657","volume":"107","author":"H Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen H, Tong M-L, Liu L-L, et al. The whole process of macrophage-Treponema pallidum interactions: opsonic phagocytosis, nonopsonic phagocytosis and active invasion. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;107:108657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108657","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2591_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.1.69","volume":"165","author":"SA Baker-Zander","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baker-Zander SA, Lukehart SA. Macrophage-mediated killing of opsonized Treponema pallidum. J Infect Dis. 1992;165:69\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/165.1.69","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130593","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1130593","volume":"14","author":"Y He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He Y, Chen D, Fu Y, et al. Immunization with Tp0954, an adhesin of Treponema pallidum, provides protective efficacy in the rabbit model of experimental syphilis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1130593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1130593","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2591_CR54","first-page":"439","volume":"82","author":"RW Peeling","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peeling RW, Ye H. Diagnostic tools for preventing and managing maternal and congenital syphilis: an overview. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82:439\u201346.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2591_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(20)30423-2","volume":"6","author":"LL Lewis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lewis LL. Congenital syphilis. Serologic diagnosis in the young infant. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1992;6:31\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2591_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1","volume":"70","author":"KA Workowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep. 2021;70:1\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2591_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.12.013","volume":"43","author":"M Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu M, Xie Y, Jiang C, et al. A novel ELISA using a Recombinant outer membrane protein, rTp0663, as the antigen for serological diagnosis of syphilis. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2016;43:51\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.12.013","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.10.005","volume":"84","author":"C Jiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang C, Xiao J, Xie Y, et al. Evaluation of FlaB1, FlaB2, FlaB3, and Tp0463 of Treponema pallidum for serodiagnosis of syphilis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;84:105\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.10.005","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tan M, Xu M, Xiao Y, et al. Screening and identification of immunoactive flab protein fragments of Treponema pallidum for the serodiagnosis of syphilis. Pathog Dis. 2018;76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftx122","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx122"},{"key":"2591_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ftac023","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftac023","volume":"80","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Huang J, Liu Z, Xie Y. Treponema pallidum outer membrane proteins: current status and prospects. Pathog Dis. 2022;80:ftac023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftac023","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1080\/15513815.2023.2253309","volume":"42","author":"YA Marais","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marais YA, Mason D, Barnard A, et al. Placental syphilis: A comprehensive review of routine histomorphology, HIV Co-infection, penicillin treatment, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 2023;42:870\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15513815.2023.2253309","journal-title":"Fetal Pediatr Pathol"},{"key":"2591_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.10.016","volume":"28","author":"Y Ono","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ono Y, Okumura R, Hatanaka KC, et al. The first case of congenital syphilis diagnosed by 16S ribosome-RNA gene sequence analysis. J Infect Chemother Off J Jpn Soc Chemother. 2022;28:295\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.10.016","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother Off J Jpn Soc Chemother"},{"key":"2591_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13060481","volume":"13","author":"S Salom\u00e8","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salom\u00e8 S, Cambriglia MD, Montesano G, et al. Congenital syphilis: A Re-Emerging but preventable infection. Pathog Basel Switz. 2024;13:481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13060481","journal-title":"Pathog Basel Switz"},{"key":"2591_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1992.11747612","volume":"12","author":"R Davanzo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Davanzo R, Antonio C, Pulella A, et al. Neonatal and post-neonatal onset of early congenital syphilis: a report from Mozambique. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1992;12:445\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02724936.1992.11747612","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR65","first-page":"890","volume":"78","author":"GD Wendel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wendel GD, S\u00e1nchez PJ, Peters MT, et al. Identification of Treponema pallidum in amniotic fluid and fetal blood from pregnancies complicated by congenital syphilis. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78:890\u20135.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2591_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061603","volume":"13","author":"G Ciccarese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ciccarese G, Facciorusso A, Mastrolonardo M, et al. Atypical manifestations of syphilis: A 10-Year retrospective study. J Clin Med. 2024;13:1603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13061603","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2591_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417251","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2024.2417251","volume":"44","author":"HB Sayal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sayal HB, Yavuz A, Tsakir B, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of congenital syphilis at a tertiary care center in turkey; a retrospective observational study. J Obstet Gynaecol J Inst Obstet Gynaecol. 2024;44:2417251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443615.2024.2417251","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol J Inst Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2591_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2016.07.010","volume":"143","author":"A Leclercq","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leclercq A, Cinotti E, Labeille B, et al. [The role of reflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of secondary syphilis of the vulva and anus: A first case report]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2016;143:687\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annder.2016.07.010","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2591_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2008.00789.x","volume":"34","author":"J Bowring","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bowring J, Mahto M, Mandal D, Baker PN. Stroke in pregnancy associated with syphilis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2008;34:405\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2008.00789.x","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"2591_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hufstetler K, Llata E, Miele K, Quilter LAS. (2024) Clinical Updates in Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2024. J Womens Health 2002 33:827\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2024.0367","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2024.0367"},{"key":"2591_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199412000-00009","volume":"87","author":"WK Lee","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lee WK, Schwartz DA, Rice RJ, Larsen SA. Syphilitic endometritis causing first trimester abortion: a potential infectious cause of fetal morbidity in early gestation. South Med J. 1994;87:1259\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007611-199412000-00009","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2591_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100127","volume":"7","author":"CSS Tavares","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tavares CSS, Gomes Dos Santos Oliveira SJ, de Gois-Santos VT, et al. Quality of life, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and sexual function in mothers of neonates with congenital syphilis in the Northeast brazil: A cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022;7:100127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100127","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"2591_CR73","first-page":"989","volume":"4","author":"P G\u00e9rard","year":"1975","unstructured":"G\u00e9rard P, Chakroun A, Louyot MJ, Ben Cheikh T. [Congenital syphilis. Apropos of 3 cases with early neonatal manifestations]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 1975;4:989\u201393.","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris)"},{"key":"2591_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001838","volume":"50","author":"JL Robinson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robinson JL, Donovan A, Gratrix J, et al. Case series of stillbirths due to syphilis in edmonton, alberta, Canada. Sex Transm Dis. 2023;50:591\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001838","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430585","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/430585","volume":"2012","author":"M De Santis","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Santis M, De Luca C, Mappa I, et al. Syphilis infection during pregnancy: fetal risks and clinical management. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2012;2012:430585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/430585","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2591_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000052954","volume":"52","author":"GI Mavrov","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mavrov GI, Goubenko TV. Clinical and epidemiological features of syphilis in pregnant women: the course and outcome of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2001;52:114\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000052954","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"2591_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ilgenfritz R, Lai AC, Pereira FG, et al. Stillbirth and congenital syphilis: autopsy and placental findings of 11 cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Dev Pathol Off J Soc Pediatr Pathol Paediatr Pathol Soc. 2024;10935266241304844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10935266241304844","DOI":"10.1177\/10935266241304844"},{"key":"2591_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.47162\/RJME.61.2.30","volume":"61","author":"L Steriu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steriu L, Penciu RC, Nour CM, et al. Syphilis associated with abdominal trauma and Splenic rupture in pregnancy. Romanian J Morphol Embryol Rev Roum Morphol Embryol. 2020;61:577\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47162\/RJME.61.2.30","journal-title":"Romanian J Morphol Embryol Rev Roum Morphol Embryol"},{"key":"2591_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/s0143-4004(05)80237-1","volume":"15","author":"GR Samson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Samson GR, Meyer MP, Blake DR, et al. Syphilitic placentitis: an immunopathy. Placenta. 1994;15:67\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0143-4004(05)80237-1","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2591_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(02)02010-0","volume":"100","author":"JS Sheffield","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sheffield JS, S\u00e1nchez PJ, Wendel GD, et al. Placental histopathology of congenital syphilis. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:126\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0029-7844(02)02010-0","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2591_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081497","volume":"10","author":"G Tonni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tonni G, Grisolia G, Pisello M, et al. Congenital syphilis presenting with brain abnormalities at neuroscan: A case report and a brief literature review. Microorganisms. 2022;10:1497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10081497","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2591_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02502-9","volume":"21","author":"J Lim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lim J, Yoon SJ, Shin JE, et al. Outcomes of infants born to pregnant women with syphilis: a nationwide study in Korea. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02502-9","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3399-8","volume":"18","author":"C Kenyon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kenyon C, Osbak KK, Crucitti T, Kestens L. Syphilis reinfection is associated with an attenuated immune profile in the same individual: a prospective observational cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3399-8","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab287","volume":"74","author":"CM Marra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Sahi SK, et al. Previous syphilis alters the course of subsequent episodes of syphilis. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2022;74:e1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab287","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"2591_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2022.2044676","volume":"42","author":"S Krishnapura Lakshminarayana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krishnapura Lakshminarayana S, Devadas S, Bharath K, et al. Early congenital syphilis: missed opportunities in a mother owing to many problems during pregnancy - a case report. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2022;42:89\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20469047.2022.2044676","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"2591_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03314-y","volume":"20","author":"Z Wan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wan Z, Zhang H, Xu H, et al. Maternal syphilis treatment and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective study in Jiangxi province, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20:648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-020-03314-y","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2591_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112150-20230222-00144","volume":"57","author":"F Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu F, Huang ZQ, Cai M, et al. [Association between different treatment timings and adverse neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with syphilis during pregnancy]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2023;57:1782\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn112150-20230222-00144","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2591_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/5.8.463","volume":"5","author":"SR Arnold","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arnold SR, Ford-Jones EL. Congenital syphilis: A guide to diagnosis and management. Paediatr Child Health. 2000;5:463\u20139.","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2591_CR89","first-page":"327","volume":"35","author":"VD Wood","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wood VD, Rana S. Congenital syphilis presenting as desquamative dermatitis. J Fam Pract. 1992;35:327\u20139.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"2591_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15379","volume":"41","author":"O Ekeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ekeh O, Duffy RF, Feingold A, Manders SM. Congenital bullous syphilis in a newborn: A novel approach to diagnosis using immunohistochemical staining on a blister roof. Pediatr Dermatol. 2024;41:91\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pde.15379","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"2591_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02932-5","volume":"21","author":"H Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang H, Zhang H, Wang C, Pang L. An analysis of the clinical features of children with early congenital syphilis and syphilitic hepatitis. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21:498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02932-5","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020049080","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-049080","volume":"148","author":"A Kimball","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kimball A, Bowen VB, Miele K, et al. Congenital syphilis diagnosed beyond the neonatal period in the united states: 2014\u20132018. Pediatrics. 2021;148:e2020049080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2020-049080","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2591_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15479","volume":"41","author":"C Vuong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vuong C, Lie E, Ellington N, et al. Congenital syphilis presenting with granulomatous scalp nodules. Pediatr Dermatol. 2024;41:493\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pde.15479","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"2591_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2006.00310.x","volume":"23","author":"S Reddy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reddy S, Bushore D, Levy A, Skinner RB. Early diffuse alopecia in a neonate with congenital syphilis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006;23:564\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2006.00310.x","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"2591_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.04.050","volume":"212","author":"B Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang B, Wei L, Ma L. A neonate with unexplained hair loss. J Pediatr. 2019;212:240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.04.050","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.10.137","volume":"20","author":"AH Tasc\u00f3n-Barona","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tasc\u00f3n-Barona AH, Coral-Rivera NS. Bone abnormalities in congenital syphilis: A case report. Radiol Case Rep. 2025;20:871\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.10.137","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"2591_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-05105-2","volume":"24","author":"W Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo W, Zhang Z. A case of early-onset congenital syphilitic osteomyelitis of the calcaneus and literature review. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24:639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-024-05105-2","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gameiro VS, Labronici PJ, Rosa IM, de Silva A. S da (2017) Congenital syphilis with bone lesion: case report. Rev Bras Ortop 52:740\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rboe.2017.10.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rboe.2017.10.002"},{"key":"2591_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249200300302","volume":"3","author":"JM Boot","year":"1992","unstructured":"Boot JM, Oranje AP, de Groot R, et al. Congenital syphilis. Int J STD AIDS. 1992;3:161\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/095646249200300302","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2591_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2400221","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00221","volume":"8","author":"D Verheul","year":"2024","unstructured":"Verheul D, Farrar JM, Kuester V, Davey S. Congenital syphilis on the rise: A case series and discussion of two patients with orthopaedic manifestations of a rare but increasingly common disease. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2024;8:e2400221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00221","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev"},{"key":"2591_CR101","first-page":"433","volume":"62","author":"M Ghadouane","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ghadouane M, Benjelloun BS, Elharim-Roudies L, et al. Skeletal lesions in early congenital syphilis (a review of 86 cases). Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1995;62:433\u20137.","journal-title":"Rev Rhum Engl Ed"},{"key":"2591_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02762124","volume":"68","author":"S Narain","year":"2001","unstructured":"Narain S, Batra B, Abraham SN, Arya LS. Symptomatic congenital syphilis presenting at birth. Indian J Pediatr. 2001;68:897\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02762124","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-02745-1","volume":"15","author":"N Sukwa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sukwa N, Simuyandi M, Chirwa M, et al. Clinical presentation of congenital syphilis in a rotavirus vaccine cohort study in lusaka: a case series. J Med Case Rep. 2021;15:149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-021-02745-1","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2591_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1978.03910050572016","volume":"96","author":"F Contreras","year":"1978","unstructured":"Contreras F, Pereda J. Congenital syphilis of the eye with lens involvement. Arch Ophthalmol Chic Ill 1960. 1978;96:1052\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1978.03910050572016","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol Chic Ill 1960"},{"key":"2591_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.93831","volume":"33","author":"R Gupta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gupta R, Chotaliya K, Marfatia YS. Cleft lip as a presentation of congenital syphilis. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2012;33:58\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0253-7184.93831","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS"},{"key":"2591_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad437","volume":"78","author":"MM Hamill","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamill MM, Ghanem KG, Tuddenham S. State-of-the-Art review: neurosyphilis. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2024;78:e57\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciad437","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"2591_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01404-5","volume":"48","author":"G Serra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Serra G, Carta M, Di Pace MR, et al. Congenital syphilis in a preterm newborn with Gastrointestinal disorders and postnatal growth restriction. Ital J Pediatr. 2022;48:205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-022-01404-5","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR108","first-page":"42","volume":"67","author":"KV Rastol\u2019tsev","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rastol\u2019tsev KV. [Ganglioneuroma in a newborn with early inborn syphilis]. Arkh Patol. 2005;67:42\u20134.","journal-title":"Arkh Patol"},{"key":"2591_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830050608","volume":"15","author":"NA Ajayi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ajayi NA, Marven S, Kaschula RO, et al. Intestinal ulceration, obstruction, and haemorrhage in congenital syphilis. Pediatr Surg Int. 1999;15:391\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003830050608","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"2591_CR110","first-page":"871","volume":"47","author":"H Shen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shen H, Sun M, Liu A. [Clinical features of 121 infants below 3 months of age with congenital syphilis]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi Chin J Pediatr. 2009;47:871\u20133.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi Chin J Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310051145","volume":"158","author":"M Pohl","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pohl M, Niemeyer CM, Hentschel R, et al. Haemophagocytosis in early congenital syphilis. Eur J Pediatr. 1999;158:553\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004310051145","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-230133","volume":"17","author":"M Sanchez-Holgado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sanchez-Holgado M, Bravo MC, Alvarez-Garcia P, et al. Severe pulmonary hypertension and circulatory failure associated with congenital syphilis. Case report. J Neonatal-Perinat Med. 2024;17:255\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/NPM-230133","journal-title":"J Neonatal-Perinat Med"},{"key":"2591_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30268-1","volume":"20","author":"MW Keuning","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keuning MW, Kamp GA, Schonenberg-Meinema D, et al. Congenital syphilis, the great imitator-case report and review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:e173\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30268-1","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02209-06","volume":"45","author":"V Woznicov\u00e1","year":"2007","unstructured":"Woznicov\u00e1 V, Smajs D, Wechsler D, et al. Detection of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum from skin lesions, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid in an infant with congenital syphilis after clindamycin treatment of the mother during pregnancy. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:659\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02209-06","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2591_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.48.5.375","volume":"48","author":"J Wiggelinkhuizen","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wiggelinkhuizen J, Kaschula RO, Uys CJ, et al. Congenital syphilis and glomerulonephritis with evidence for immune pathogenesis. Arch Dis Child. 1973;48:375\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.48.5.375","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2591_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02707-y","volume":"21","author":"MJ Bertoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bertoli MJ, Parikh K, Klyde D, et al. Spinal arteriovenous malformation in a pediatric patient with a history of congenital syphilis: a case report. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21:242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02707-y","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07321-0","volume":"310","author":"M Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun M, Luo M, Wang T, et al. Associations between maternal syphilis infection during pregnancy and low birth weight and preterm birth: a prospective cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2024;310:203\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-023-07321-0","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2591_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00508","volume":"7","author":"J Duby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duby J, Bitnun A, Shah V, et al. Non-immune Hydrops fetalis and hepatic dysfunction in a preterm infant with congenital syphilis. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2019.00508","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-016-0703-z","volume":"10","author":"EH Nissanka-Jayasuriya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nissanka-Jayasuriya EH, Odell EW, Phillips C. Dental stigmata of congenital syphilis: A historic review with present day relevance. Head Neck Pathol. 2016;10:327\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12105-016-0703-z","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"key":"2591_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.29.3.m671132x8r306278","volume":"29","author":"AG Antonio","year":"2005","unstructured":"Antonio AG, Kelly A, Maia LC. Premature loss of primary teeth associated with congenital syphilis: a case report. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2005;29:273\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17796\/jcpd.29.3.m671132x8r306278","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"2591_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000305","volume":"21","author":"L Quaresma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Quaresma L, Gon\u00e7alves J, Estanqueiro P, Salgado M. Recurrent fever, anemia, arthralgia, and Genu varum as late manifestations of congenital syphilis. J Clin Rheumatol Pract Rep Rheum Musculoskelet Dis. 2015;21:440\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000305","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol Pract Rep Rheum Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009010","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009010","volume":"15","author":"LN Garcia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia LN, Destito Solj\u00e1n A, Moroni S, et al. Congenital syphilis in argentina: experience in a pediatric hospital. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15:e0009010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR123","first-page":"167","volume":"12","author":"AJ Foss","year":"1992","unstructured":"Foss AJ, Hykin PG, Benjamin L. Interstitial keratitis and Iridoschisis in congenital syphilis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1992;12:167\u201370.","journal-title":"J Clin Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"2591_CR124","first-page":"327","volume":"43","author":"F Indesteege","year":"1989","unstructured":"Indesteege F, Verstraete WL. Meni\u00e8re\u2019s disease as a late manifestation of congenital syphilis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 1989;43:327\u201333.","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg"},{"key":"2591_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480500491994","volume":"126","author":"JR Garc\u00eda-Berrocal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Berrocal JR, G\u00f3rriz C, Ram\u00edrez-Camacho R, et al. Otosyphilis mimics immune disorders of the inner ear. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh). 2006;126:679\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00016480500491994","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)"},{"key":"2591_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.81252","volume":"32","author":"P Singhal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singhal P, Patel P, Marfatia YS. A case of congenital syphilis with hutchinson\u2019s triad. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2011;32:34\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0253-7184.81252","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS"},{"key":"2591_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934634","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/934634","volume":"2012","author":"MV Murali","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murali MV, Nirmala C, Rao JV. Symptomatic early congenital syphilis: a common but forgotten disease. Case Rep Pediatr. 2012;2012:934634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/934634","journal-title":"Case Rep Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430200169047","volume":"262","author":"ME Lee","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lee ME, Lindquist TD. Syphilitic interstitial keratitis. JAMA. 1989;262:2921.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2591_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4321\/s0365-66912009000700006","volume":"84","author":"G P\u00e9rez-Carro","year":"2009","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Carro G, Vilanova M, Antu\u00f1a MG, et al. [Iridoschisis associated to congenital syphilis: serological confirmation at the 80\u2019s]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2009;84:353\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4321\/s0365-66912009000700006","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol"},{"key":"2591_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0302452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302452","volume":"19","author":"A Amjad Hafeeez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amjad Hafeeez A, Cavalcanti Bezerra K, Jimoh Z, et al. Scoping review of hearing loss attributed to congenital syphilis. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0302452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0302452","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2591_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1906228","volume":"381","author":"AH Ropper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ropper AH. Neurosyphilis. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1358\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1906228","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2591_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.338674","volume":"70","author":"D Baskar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baskar D, Taallapalli R, Kishore AV P, et al. A rare case of neurosyphilis presenting as normal pressure hydrocephalus syndrome. Neurol India. 2022;70:377\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.338674","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"2591_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05698-x","volume":"183","author":"V Delle Cave","year":"2024","unstructured":"Delle Cave V, Zito Marinosci G, Ferrara D, et al. Syphilitic hepatitis in infants, the forgotten disease that hepatologists have to brush up on: from a case series to a revision of literature. Eur J Pediatr. 2024;183:4939\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-024-05698-x","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2591_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3109\/08880010903091897","volume":"26","author":"N Yarali","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yarali N, Balaban I, Akyurek N, et al. Hemophagocytosis: the cause of anemia and thrombocytopenia in congenital syphilis. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009;26:461\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08880010903091897","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"2591_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.18597\/rcog.3591","volume":"72","author":"AM Camacho-Monta\u00f1o","year":"2021","unstructured":"Camacho-Monta\u00f1o AM, Ni\u00f1o-Alba R, P\u00e1ez-Castellanos E. Congenital syphilis with hydrops fetalis: report of four cases in a general referral hospital in bogota, Colombia between 2016\u20132020. Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol. 2021;72:149\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18597\/rcog.3591","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol"},{"key":"2591_CR136","first-page":"5","volume":"118","author":"A Teberg","year":"1973","unstructured":"Teberg A, Hodgman JE. Congenital syphilis in newborn. Calif Med. 1973;118:5\u201310.","journal-title":"Calif Med"},{"key":"2591_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950150613","volume":"15","author":"DS Edell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Edell DS, Davidson JJ, Mulvihill DM, Majure M. A common presentation of an uncommon cause of neonatal respiratory distress: pneumonia Alba. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993;15:376\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.1950150613","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2591_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420120126039","volume":"261","author":"RM Fojaco","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fojaco RM, Hensley GT, Moskowitz L. Congenital syphilis and necrotizing funisitis. JAMA. 1989;261:1788\u201390.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2591_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2019.1691897","volume":"27","author":"T Trinh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trinh T, Leal AF, Mello MB, et al. Syphilis management in pregnancy: a review of guideline recommendations from countries around the world. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2019;27:69\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/26410397.2019.1691897","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"2591_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix371","volume":"65","author":"F-C Hong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hong F-C, Wu X-B, Yang F, et al. Risk of congenital syphilis (CS) following treatment of maternal syphilis: results of a CS control program in China. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2017;65:588\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cix371","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"2591_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001298","volume":"48","author":"J Matthias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matthias J, Sanon R, Bowen VB, et al. Syphilitic reinfections during the same Pregnancy-Florida, 2018. Sex Transm Dis. 2021;48:e52\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001298","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.191300","volume":"26","author":"T Nishijima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nishijima T, Kawana K, Fukasawa I, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of oral amoxicillin in pregnant women with active syphilis, japan, 2010\u20132018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:1192\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2606.191300","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.002","volume":"40","author":"SA Lukehart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lukehart SA, Molini B, Gomez A, et al. Immunization with a tri-antigen syphilis vaccine significantly attenuates Chancre development, reduces bacterial load, and inhibits dissemination of Treponema pallidum. Vaccine. 2022;40:7676\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2591_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2305.161936","volume":"23","author":"Y Katanami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katanami Y, Hashimoto T, Takaya S, et al. Amoxicillin and ceftriaxone as treatment alternatives to penicillin for maternal syphilis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23:827\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2305.161936","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD012071","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012071.pub2","volume":"2","author":"GJ Walker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walker GJ, Walker D, Molano Franco D, Grillo-Ardila CF. Antibiotic treatment for newborns with congenital syphilis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2:CD012071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012071.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2591_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15586","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15586","volume":"35","author":"C Zengarini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zengarini C, Carpanese MA, Vara G, et al. Analysis of serological treatment response to Doxycycline versus benzathine penicillin in syphilis infections, a retrospective single-center study. Dermatol Ther. 2022;35:e15586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dth.15586","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"2591_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000445","volume":"43","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xiao Y, Liu S, Liu Z, et al. Molecular subtyping and surveillance of resistance genes in Treponema pallidum DNA from patients with secondary and latent syphilis in hunan, China. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43:310\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000445","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2591_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759474","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.759474","volume":"12","author":"M Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu M, Xie Y, Zheng K, et al. Two potential syphilis vaccine candidates inhibit dissemination of  Treponema pallidum. Front Immunol. 2021;12:759474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.759474","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02591-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02591-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02591-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T08:52:52Z","timestamp":1764751972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02591-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02591-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}