{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:37:15Z","timestamp":1785854235799,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Klinikum der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In 2024, human parvovirus B19 (PB19V) infections have increased in Germany and globally. It is an infection associated with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. To raise awareness, we present representative cases and virological data from different specialties across three German university hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Following a nationwide survey by the AGIHO in March 2024 indicating increased PB19V infections, we conducted a retrospective, multi-center descriptive study across Munich, Cologne, and Magdeburg. Anonymized clinical and virological data from 2022 to 2024 were collected, including patient demographics, underlying diseases, and diagnostic findings. Acute PB19V infection was defined by real-time quantitative PCR-based detection of PB19V DNA in any specimen.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Clinical manifestations of acute PB19V infections can range from severe anemia and pancytopenia in hematologic patients, to fetal hydrops in pregnant women, and systemic inflammatory symptoms in patients with chronic conditions. In 2024, the Max von Pettenkofer Institute in Munich conducted 936 PB19V PCR tests. A marked increase in positive cases was observed in early 2024, with positivity rates of 16% in Q1 and 18.2% in Q2, compared to an annual positivity rate of 2.3% in 2023. Similar trends were seen at the University Hospitals Cologne and Magdeburg. Most infections were acute with high viral loads. Most cases originated from pediatric, gynecologic, and hematologic departments, highlighting particularly vulnerable patient populations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This resurgence in symptomatic PB19V infections, likely driven by pandemic-related shifts in immunity and exposure, underscores the need for heightened clinical awareness, early testing in high-risk populations, and sustained surveillance to anticipate future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02598-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T12:56:09Z","timestamp":1752670569000},"page":"2219-2226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diverse clinical manifestations of Parvovirus B19 infections during the 2024 outbreak in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3241-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Holzem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9152-2469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Stemler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Gruell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Zeuzem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1892-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Schalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9440-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Schober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Deppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"H\u00fcbner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"von Bergwelt-Baildon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Spiekermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2598_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00040-16","author":"J Qiu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qiu J, S\u00f6derlund-Venermo M, Young NS. Human parvoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00040-16.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2598_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.940","author":"M Enders","year":"2004","unstructured":"Enders M, Weidner A, Zoellner I, Searle K, Enders G. Fetal morbidity and mortality after acute human parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy: prospective evaluation of 1018 cases. Prenat Diagn. 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pd.940.","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"2598_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malutan AM, Ormindean CM, Diculescu D, Ciortea R, Nicula R, Pop D, Bucuri C, Maria R, Nati I, Mihu D. Parvovirus B19 in Pregnancy-Do We Screen for Fifth Disease or Not? Life (Basel). 2024; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14121667","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121667"},{"key":"2598_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0300-2977(99)00011-x","author":"A van Elsacker-Niele","year":"1999","unstructured":"van Elsacker-Niele A. Human parvovirus B19: relevance in internal medicine. Neth J Med. 1999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0300-2977(99)00011-x.","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"2598_CR5","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institute. Epidemiologisches Bulletin 24\/2024. 2024. https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Aktuelles\/Publikationen\/Epidemiologisches-Bulletin\/2024\/24_24.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2. Accessed 27 April 2025."},{"key":"2598_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21039","author":"J-I Henter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henter J-I, Horne A, Aric\u00f3 M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH, Imashuku S, et al. HLH-2004: diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.21039.","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"2598_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030480","author":"O Mor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mor O, Wax M, Arami S-S, Yitzhaki M, Kriger O, Erster O, et al. Parvovirus B19 outbreak in israel: retrospective molecular analysis from 2010 to 2023. Viruses. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16030480.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2598_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"d\u2019Humi\u00e8res C, Fouillet A, Verdurme L, Lakoussan SB, Gallien Y, Coignard C, Hervo M, Ebel A, Soares A, Visseaux B, Maire B, Juan PH, Parent du Ch\u00e2telet I, Guthmann JP, Durand J. An unusual outbreak of parvovirus B19 infections, France, 2023 to 2024. Euro Surveill. 2024; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.25.2400339","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.25.2400339"},{"key":"2598_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59582-7","author":"A Russcher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Russcher A, van Boven M, Beninc\u00e0 E, Verweij EJTJ, Molenaar-de Backer MWA, Zaaijer HL, Vossen ACTM, Kroes ACM. Changing epidemiology of parvovirus B19 in the Netherlands since 1990, including its re-emergence after the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-59582-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2598_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106409","author":"N Veyrenche","year":"2025","unstructured":"Veyrenche N, Fourgeaud J, Burgard M, Allali S, Toubiana J, Pinhas Y, Frange P, Guilleminot T, Derridj N, Cohen JF, LeruezVille M. Virological characterization of parvovirus B19 isolated during the atypical 2023\u20132024 outbreak in France veyrenche, Nicolas et al. J Infect. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106409.","journal-title":"J Infect"}],"container-title":["Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02598-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02598-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02598-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:41:56Z","timestamp":1758721316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02598-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-025-02598-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8126","1439-0973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8126","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0973","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted retrospectively from data obtained for clinical purposes and performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (11.10.2024, No. 24\u20130748).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study used only fully anonymized data aggregated into age groups, with no collection of sex or other identifying information. In accordance with institutional and national guidelines, informed consent was not required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. All figures and data presented are fully anonymized and do not contain any information that could lead to the identification of individual participants.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}