{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:09:17Z","timestamp":1767888557106,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We present a case report of an 8-year-old African origin, Italian born girl, fully immunized for Diphtheria, with multiple ulcers caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium diphtheria<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The clinical event was preceded by a recent trip to Burkina Faso in a rural area. The atypical presentation with ulcers spread to the entire body and particularly to one leg, led to a bacterial swab, from whose culture the pathogen emerged. The girl was initially empirically treated with amoxicillin\/clavulanate and then azithromycin. Cutaneous forms are the most common of all forms and have a relevant spreading role. This case is of particular concern in the context of a rising number of cases in Europe, and it\u2019s peculiar since it doesn\u2019t regard immigrants and refugees, whereas it regards a fully immunized child who traveled from an endemical country.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-025-02636-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:13:34Z","timestamp":1758806014000},"page":"2899-2902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cutaneous diphtheria in a child returning from visiting friends &amp; relatives in Burkina Faso: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Pagani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ticozzelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Bassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Sciarrabba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Agistri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Pogliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Osnaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Pavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Vismara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Rusconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2636_CR1","unstructured":"Clinical management of diphtheria: guideline, 2. February 2024, https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-DIPH-Clinical-2024.1 (accessed 8 November 2024)."},{"key":"2636_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.02.022","volume":"73","author":"F Mancini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mancini F, Monaco M, Pataracchia M, et al. Identification and molecular discrimination of toxigenic and nontoxigenic diphtheria Corynebacterium strains by combined real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;73:111\u201320.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2636_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0131-y","volume":"5","author":"NC Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma NC, Efstratiou A, Mokrousov I, et al. Diphtheria. 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Emerg Microbes Infections. 2024;13:2408324.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infections"},{"key":"2636_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.08.024","volume":"36","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Diphtheria vaccine: WHO position paper, August 2017 \u2013 Recommendations. Vaccine. 2018;36:199\u2013201.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2636_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab480","volume":"225","author":"H Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao H, Lau EHY, Cowling BJ. Waning immunity after receipt of pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and Polio-Related vaccines: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2022;225:557\u201366.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2636_CR8","unstructured":"Diphtheria - Annual Epidemiological Report for. 2022, https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/diphtheria-annual-epidemiological-report-2022 (2024, accessed 8 November 2024)."},{"key":"2636_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"taad073","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taad073","volume":"30","author":"F Taccari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taccari F, Frondizi F, Salvati F, et al. Cutaneous diphtheria most likely due to exposure in a detention camp in Libya. J Travel Med. 2023;30:taad073.","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2636_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zink A, Hofer J, Schneider C et al. Management and outcome of cutaneous diphtheria in adolescent refugees in germany, June 2022 \u2013 October 2023. Infection. 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